Developing an enhanced weight-based topological map-matching algorithm for intelligent transport systems

Map-matching (MM) algorithms integrate positioning data from a Global Positioning System (or a number of other positioning sensors) with a spatial road map with the aim of identifying the road segment on which a user (or a vehicle) is travelling and the location on that segment. Amongst the family of MM algorithms consisting of geometric, topological, probabilistic and advanced, topological MM (tMM) algorithms are relatively simple, easy and quick, enabling them to be implemented in real-time. Therefore, a tMM algorithm is used in many navigation devices manufactured by industry. However, existing tMM algorithms have a number of limitations which affect their performance relative to advanced MM algorithms. This paper demonstrates that it is possible by addressing these issues to significantly improve the performance of a tMM algorithm. This paper describes the development of an enhanced weight-based tMM algorithm in which the weights are determined from real-world field data using an optimisation technique. Two new weights for turn-restriction at junctions and link connectivity are introduced to improve the performance of matching, especially at junctions. A new procedure is developed for the initial map-matching process. Two consistency checks are introduced to minimise mismatches. The enhanced map-matching algorithm was tested using field data from dense urban areas and suburban areas. The algorithm identified 96.8% and 95.93% of the links correctly for positioning data collected in urban areas of central London and Washington, DC, respectively. In case of suburban area, in the west of London, the algorithm succeeded with 96.71% correct link identification with a horizontal accuracy of 9.81 m (2σ). This is superior to most existing topological MM algorithms and has the potential to support the navigation modules of many Intelligent Transport System (ITS) services.     

Spatiotemporal traffic forecasting: review and proposed directions

This paper systematically reviews studies that forecast short-term traffic conditions using spatial dependence between links. We extract and synthesise 130 research papers, considering two perspectives: (1) methodological framework and (2) methods for capturing spatial information. Spatial information boosts the accuracy of prediction, particularly in congested traffic regimes and for longer horizons. Machine learning methods, which have attracted more attention in recent years, outperform the naïve statistical methods such as historical average and exponential smoothing. However, there is no guarantee of superiority when machine learning methods are compared with advanced statistical methods such as spatiotemporal autoregressive integrated moving average. As for the spatial dependency detection, a large gulf exists between the realistic spatial dependence of traffic links on a real network and the studied networks as follows: (1) studies capture spatial dependency of either adjacent or distant upstream and downstream links with the study link, (2) the spatially relevant links are selected either by prejudgment or by correlation-coefficient analysis, and (3) studies develop forecasting methods in a corridor test sample, where all links are connected sequentially together, assume a similarity between the behaviour of both parallel and adjacent links, and overlook the competitive nature of traffic links.     

Genetics of traffic assignment models for strategic transport planning

This paper presents a review and classification of traffic assignment models for strategic transport planning purposes by using concepts analogous to genetics in biology. Traffic assignment models share the same theoretical framework (DNA), but differ in capability (genes). We argue that all traffic assignment models can be described by three genes. The first gene determines the spatial capability (unrestricted, capacity restrained, capacity constrained, and capacity and storage constrained) described by four spatial assumptions (shape of the fundamental diagram, capacity constraints, storage constraints, and turn flow restrictions). The second gene determines the temporal capability (static, semi-dynamic, and dynamic) described by three temporal assumptions (wave speeds, vehicle propagation speeds, and residual traffic transfer). The third gene determines the behavioural capability (all-or-nothing, one shot, and equilibrium) described by two behavioural assumptions (decision-making and travel time consideration). This classification provides a deeper understanding of the often implicit assumptions made in traffic assignment models described in the literature. It further allows for comparing different models in terms of functionality, and paves the way for developing novel traffic assignment models.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

The “field of safe travel” revisited: interpreting driving behaviour performance through a holistic approach

The present paper proposes a conceptual framework for the driver’s visual–spatial perceptual processes. Based on a theoretical analysis of driving proposed by Gibson and Crooks [(1938). A theoretical field-analysis of automobile-driving. The American Journal of Psychology, 51, 453–471. doi:10.2307/1416145], the developed field of safe travel (FoST) framework suggests that at any moment the driver constructs a “field” by integrating two perceptual entities: (i) the possible available spatial fields for locomotion and (ii) the driver’s mental image of ego-vehicle outer-line and motion dynamics. This framework is used to reinterpret in a unified way a number of disparate research findings reported in the literature concerning specific driving sub-tasks (e.g. lane keeping and car following). It is argued that the FoST framework may be used to predict drivers’ behaviour in various traffic/situation environments based on their prioritisation between the above two perceptual entities. Implications of the proposed framework at a theoretical and practical level, in view of the future of driving with multiple levels of automation, are also discussed.     

基于最优回归理论的舰船辐射噪声指向性统计模型及分析方法研究

文章在已有单航次的舰船噪声空间特性建模分析方法等研究成果的基础上,进一步研究了若干航次条件下的统计建模及分析方法。该研究主要以单一部位垂向剖面的噪声指向性为例,建立了基于最优回归理论的舰船目标辐射噪声特性的统计模型及分析方法,并开展了海上实测研究,验证了该模型及分析方法的正确性和可行性。该项成果为深入分析不同航行工况下各类舰船目标的噪声空间特性及其统计规律等创造了条件。     

轨道交通与城市协同发展的空间差异性分析：以北京市为例

为识别轨道交通与城市协同发展程度的空间差异性,以及不同空间范围内城市发展水平对轨道交通客流影响的差异性,引入描述空间集聚特征的莫兰指数Moran's I 建立轨道站点周边城市发展水平评价方法,将轨道站点周边城市发展水平和站点客流空间集聚分布特征作为轨道交通与城市发展协同程度判断标准,划定若干研究区域,利用地理加权回归GWR 模型研究两者空间相关性和城市发展因素对轨道交通客流的影响. 实证研究表明：轨道站点周边城市发展水平与站点客流协同程度较高的区域,城市发展水平对站点客流影响更大;将城市发展因素对站点客流影响程度进行排序,密度高于交通便捷程度、功能多样化程度和发展紧凑度.     

五跨连续小箱梁桥静载试验及有限元仿真分析

对某五跨连续小箱梁桥进行了荷载试验及数据分析,并运用大型有限元程序Midas建立空间梁格模型,并进行了仿真分析;对多种试验工况下桥梁变形和截面应力的实测值与理论值进行了比较;结果表明:桥梁变形和截面应力的实测值与理论值吻合较好,桥梁的结构强度和刚度达到设计要求。研究成果可为同类桥型的设计与荷载试验提供参考。     

承赤高速围场支线湿陷性黄土物理力学性质研究

主要介绍承德至赤峰高速公路围场支线湿陷性黄土物理力学指标的统计特性,重点分析各项物性力学指标随深度的变化情况,并研究它们与深度的相关性,可为相关施工提供参考。     

轻轨车-轨道梁-刚构桥空间耦合振动分析及乘坐舒适性评价

提出一种跨座式轻轨车、轨道梁及刚构桥空间耦合振动时域分析方法。轨道梁及刚构桥采用常规有限单元模拟,跨座式轻轨车采用弹簧阻尼相连的多刚体模拟,可方便考虑走行轮、导向轮、稳定轮下轨道不平顺影响,每一积分步内对桥梁系统动力方程扩展,建立轻轨车-轨道梁-刚构桥时变系统空间振动方程,采用直接积分法同时求解三者空间动力响应,并编制相应计算分析程序。针对目前世界最大跨度轻轨专用刚构桥96m+160m+96m,探讨车速、单线行车、双线对开等不同工况对三者动力响应影响并对轻轨车进行乘坐舒适度评价。结果表明:在设计行车速度下,乘客可安全舒适通过该桥。该方法可运用于跨座式轻轨车与其它轨道梁或桥梁空间振动分析。