船舶建造焊缝缺陷DRT与常规胶片RT的等效性分析

针对船舶建造中的平对接焊缝,采用不同厚度钢材料母材,分别进行数字射线检测(Digital Radiography Testing, DRT)和常规胶片射线检测(Radiography Testing, RT)的检测技术标准等效性要求对比和检测等效性试验,并对试板焊缝缺陷的DRT和常规胶片RT进行评定。结果表明,DRT与常规胶片RT具有等效性。     

盾构掘进中富含超大粒径漂石地层土体改良技术研究

对于盾构工法而言,富含超大粒径漂石地层是一种施工控制难度极大的地层,盾构在该地层中掘进时,由于土体塑流性差,土体在土舱内无法及时排出,时常出现盾构推力、刀盘扭矩异常增大,推进速度极其缓慢等现象。同时,由于土舱土体颗粒之间为点对点传力,支护压力不能有效地施加到开挖面,极易出现地表沉降超限、塌方等事故。通过土体改良改善土舱内土体的性状和流塑性,是提高盾构掘进效率和控制开挖面稳定性的重要措施。以北京地铁9号线06标"军事博物馆站—东钓鱼台站"区间盾构工程为背景,开展盾构掘进过程土体改良试验,找出适用于不同类型富含超大粒径漂石地层的盾构土体改良剂。     

调距桨调距过程中叶元体受力的CFD分析方法研究

对调距桨作定距桨工况和作调距桨工况时叶元体水动力进行了CFD计算与分析.叶元体采用NACA4412翼型.采用,k-ε和SST两种湍流模型求解叶元体攻角为6.4°时压力系数分布并与面元法计算结果和实验曲线进行比较,校验了CFD分析方法的可信性.在此基础上对叶元体攻角每改变2°进行一次稳态工况计算,分析调距桨在60°转角范围内叶元体水动力随攻角的变化关系.变化曲线与实验曲线吻合良好,且计算精度要高于面元法程序XFOIL.然后采用滑移网格技术对调距桨整个调距过程进行了动态模拟,并将计算结果与作定距桨使用时的稳态工况值时进行了对比.结果表明:在攻角-12°～18°范围内,叶元体所受水动力、力矩在稳态和动态时的值基本相等.动态时叶元体正负失速角均较稳态延迟2°～4°.在大攻角范围内,叶元体稳态时所受阻力明显较动态时大、升力和制动力矩均较动态时小.研究结果表明现行采用的利用稳态敞水实验值来确定调距机构强度的方法是存在风险的;建议取稳态值和动态值两者中大者为强度设计的基本依据.     

微细光缆静水高压环境下的传输衰减特性试验研究

最近我国也研制成功了微细光缆,该光缆直径小于1mm,极限拉伸强度约400N.如果它在高压环境下的传输衰减特性能满足要求,则它在很多水下工程结构如各类大潜深潜水器以及海底观测基站上会有很广泛的应用前景.文章的主要目的就是介绍该种国产微细光缆在静水高压环境下的传输损耗试验情况.文中对微细光缆的静水高压传输损耗试验进行了介绍和描述,并对试验结果进行了初步分析,获得了一些有用的结论.     

大攻角水下航行体自然空泡流的数值模拟研究

基于相分数输运方程型的均质平衡流空化模型,采用有限体积法研制了大型空泡流计算程序,对大攻角下运行的水下航行体三维空泡流进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.首次将非线性涡粘湍流模式与基于Rayleigh-Pies-set方程的TEM型空化模型相结合,建立了自然空泡流的数学模型.采用基于SIMPLE的压力-速度-密度耦合修正算法、二阶精度三时间层格式以及基于延迟修正的高阶对流TVD格式.计算模拟了0.2～0.6空化数、4°～20°攻角的不同工况,得到的三维空泡形状及压力分布与实验结果相符.研究了大攻角下航行体周向上的空泡形态分布特征,给出了多种空泡尺度和升阻系数与空化数和攻角之间的关系.通过定量分析发现,空泡的不对称性导致航行体某些部位受力集中,表明高速带空泡运动的航行体在大攻角运动中其结构将受到巨大的水动力载荷.计算还发现,大攻角下的阻力系数与空化数之间的关系和零攻角条件下刚好相反,并根据空泡的不对称性从形状阻力与粘性阻力的关系上对这种现象作出了解释.     

湍流边界层脉动压力对声强测量的影响研究

实际声强测量时常常存在风流或水流,如在飞机或船舶上进行测量,声强探头将受到湍流边界层脉动压力的影响。如何评估该影响以及如何修正测量结果是人们十分关心的工程实用问题。该文首先简要介绍了建立的由湍流边界层脉动压力诱发声强的理论模型。接着利用现有的湍流边界层脉动压力频率-波数谱模型,对湍流边界层脉动压力及其诱发的声强进行了数值分析。为了验证理论模型及数值结果,设计制作了一套实验装置,对湍流边界层脉动压力及其产生的声强进行了具体测量分析。结果表明,湍流边界层脉动压力的测量结果与数值结果吻合良好,测量得到的边界层脉动压力诱发的声强特性与计算结果也十分一致,但必须注意对测量传感器的空间响应进行修正。     

溃坝模拟的光滑粒子流体动力学方法及其粘性特性(英文)

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. It is one of the best method for simulating violent free surface flows in fluids and solving large fluid deformations. Dam breaking is a typical example of these problems. The basis of SPH was reviewed, including some techniques for governing equation resolution, such as the stepping method and the boundary handling method. Then numerical results of a dam breaking simulation were discussed, and the benefits of concepts like artificial viscosity and position correction were analyzed in detail. When compared with dam breaking simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, the wave profile generated by SPH had good agreement, but the pressure had only reasonable agreement. Improving pressure results is clearly an important next step for research.     

强风下有帆商船航行性能的研究(英文)

Ships which have large structures above water surface, such as pure car carriers (PCCs) and container vessels, have large speed reduction by wind pressure. In the present study, the running speed of a large PCC with two or more sails for using wind power is simulated. The simulated results demonstrate that the ship can keep a constant service speed even in winds of 20m/s except head and bow winds. This sail system can shorten annual average navigation time by about 4 hours per voyage.     

钢夹层板数值模拟技术(英文)

Sandwich plate systems (SPS) are advanced materials that have begun to receive extensive attention in naval architecture and ocean engineering. At present, according to the rules of classification societies, a mixture of shell and solid elements are required to simulate an SPS. Based on the principle of stiffness decomposition, a new numerical simulation method for shell elements was proposed. In accordance with the principle of stiffness decomposition, the total stiffness can be decomposed into the bending stiffness and shear stiffness. Displacement and stress response related to bending stiffness was calculated with the laminated shell element. Displacement and stress response due to shear was calculated by use of a computational code write by FORTRAN language. Then the total displacement and stress response for the SPS was obtained by adding together these two parts of total displacement and stress. Finally, a rectangular SPS plate and a double-bottom structure were used for a simulation. The results show that the deflection simulated by the elements proposed in the paper is larger than the same simulated by solid elements and the analytical solution according to Hoff theory and approximate to the same simulated by the mixture of shell-solid elements, and the stress simulated by the elements proposed in the paper is approximate to the other simulating methods. So compared with calculations based on a mixture of shell and solid elements, the numerical simulation method given in the paper is more efficient and easier to do.     

Mg_x Ni_y(x=1,2;y=1～5)团簇结构与光谱性质的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(Density Function Theory,DFT)的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-311+g基组水平上对MgxNiy(x=1,2;y=1～5)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的基态结构,并对其振动频率、光谱和极化率等性质进行了理论研究.研究结果表明:MgNiy和Mg2Niy团簇的稳定结构可在相应的MgNiy-1和Mg2Niy-1团簇的基础上加一个Ni原子得到;从光学性质分析,在MgNiy(y=1～5)团簇中,原子间的成键相互作用随y的增加而加强,MgNi2团簇的电子结构相对不稳定;在Mg2Niy(y=1～5)团簇中,电子结构随y的增加而越来越稳定,即结构更加紧凑,Mg2Ni2团簇中原子间的成键相互作用较弱.