基于“时间-运费”双成本的铁路空箱调运模型

地区经济发展的不平衡导致了频繁的铁路空箱调运.在详细分析空箱调运流程的基础上,以空箱调运成本最小为目标,建立铁路空箱调运优化模型.其中,调运成本是以空箱调运过程中产生的时间成本和运费构成.所提出的时间成本这一概念是基于若空箱调运时间超过货主忍耐限度,导致货主放弃铁路运输,铁路因而损失了空箱在“空转重”后能给铁路带来的收入,则将这一经济损失归入调运成本中,也就是所谓的时间成本.提出的时间成本在一定程度上间接地体现了货主满意度,同时也在调运优化模型中考虑到了将空箱转变为重箱后所能带来的收益.     

某越野车车架拓扑优化设计

拓扑优化技术能在给定的设计空间内寻求最佳的材料分布。根据某越野车车架的实际尺寸建立其三维拓扑优化设计空间,以车架质量分数为约束条件,车架柔度最小为目标函数,对车架的弯曲工况进行了单工况拓扑优化设计,并针对这一工况选择不同的优化参数进行了多次优化计算,得到了一组相似的拓扑结构,分析并选择合适的拓扑优化参数。应用得到的拓扑优化参数,基于折衷规划的多目标拓扑优化设计方法,针对汽车使用情况选择合适的工况权重因子,对车架进行了3种工况下的多目标拓扑优化设计研究。     

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停车换乘可靠性是决定停车换乘设施能否成功吸引用户的重要因素之一.为了度量基于地铁的停车换乘可靠性,考虑了道路网上旅行时间不确定性、停车设施内搜索泊位时间不确定性和地铁车站等车不确定性,定义了“换乘可靠度”和“方式可靠度”.利用随机网络均衡分析方法模拟小汽车出行者以个人旅行时间最小为原则的旅行选择行为,包括方式选择、路径选择和停车设施选择.通过蒙特卡洛模拟和相继平均法求解均衡模型,并设计算例验证了不确定性对停车换乘分担率的显著影响.算例还分析了地铁发车频率、停车设施容量和总需求强度等因素对停车换乘可靠性的影响.     

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交通网络设计问题是交通规划理论的一个重要组成部分,即在资金有限且考虑出行者决策行为的情况下,制定最优投资策略.由于人工费、材料费和使用费等的不确定性,路段的修建成本存在不确定性.本文通过改进预算投资约束,应用鲁棒优化的方法同时考虑出行者的路径选择行为,建立路段修建成本不确定的交通网络设计的鲁棒模型,并利用基于割约束的混合整数线性规划算法求解此模型,进而得到一个受修建成本扰动较小的鲁棒最优解.通过算例表明,在修建成本不确定的交通网络设计中,本文提出的鲁棒优化方法可以得到比传统确定性问题更加可靠的解.     

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原有的组合配对Logit模型(Paired Combinatorial Logit,PCL)中相似性系数的确定方法缺乏必要的理论依据,模型的同一分布假设导致它难以表征道路感知误差的异方差特质.为克服这些不足,本文提出了基于Probit等效阻抗的配对组合Logit路径选择模型.模型分上下两层:下层的每一配对采用Probit二元选择法,引入正态分布以表征感知误差的异方差性并提高了计算的准确性;提出随机等效阻抗的概念并以Clark公式计算每一配对的等效阻抗,为相似性系数的计算提供了清晰的理论依据;上层模型采用计算简便的多项Logit模型,利用相对阻抗来缓解Logit模型的长短路缺陷,通过条件概率计算路径的选择概率.新模型综合了Probit模型计算准确及Logit模型计算简便的优点,在两者之间取得了合理的平衡.经典路网的数值计算结果表明,该模型比传统Logit模型更为合理.     

A slot reallocation model for containership schedule adjustment

Ship slot capacity is the main sale resource of container shipping lines. However, shipping lines often encounter situations, such as serious ship delays, that require adjustments of shipping schedules, causing the original delivery plans of some consignments to be altered. This study proposes an integer programming model for slot reallocation planning, based on a given adjusted schedule. Decisions regarding empty container repositioning are also examined. This model aims to maximise a company’s benefits from deliveries of consignments and movements of empty containers. Available slots are subject to port rotation changes, allowable port handlings and ship capacity. A case study of a deep ocean loop demonstrates optimal slot reallocation, and empty container repositioning is used for illustrative purposes. The reallocation characteristics due to benefit items and the model’s applicability to large-scale examples are discussed.     

集装箱码头间互拖的集卡甩挂运输调度问题

集装箱码头间的互拖是一种促进相邻码头资源重新组织与优化的协作方式,集装箱甩挂运输能够解耦互拖与港内作业之间的复杂耦合关系。为了提高互拖的集装箱甩挂运输的有效性,满足码头间协调的时间要求和对集卡资源的有效利用,提出了互拖集卡甩挂运输调度的两阶段方法。首先建立互拖任务之间的时间关系网络,然后在此基础上建立集卡调度的混合整数规划模型。算例分析说明了该方法的有效性;演示集卡作业任务序列,分析其码头作业量分布对于港内作业调度的影响。研究结果提供了码头间互拖集卡甩运输的一种参考方法。     

A fuel tankering model applied to a domestic airline network

This paper presents a linear programming model designed to determine the optimum fuel loading quantities along a route network for a Brazilian domestic airline. Assuming that there are no volume purchase or storage capacity restrictions on each station, the analysis is carried out for one aircraft on one day of its schedule. Results are extrapolated for a monthly and yearly basis. Through the proposed model, it is seen that such a fuel tankering technique leads to a 5% economical saving, but produces a 1% additional fuel burn. A discussion on the environmental impact for this procedure is also proposed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Vehicle Routing Problem: The Case of the Hong Kong Postal Service

Abstract

With the growth in population and development of business activities in Hong Kong, the range and level of services provided by Hongkong Post have multiplied. However, the schedule of its postal vehicles, including mail collection and delivery, is still constructed manually on a daily basis, based on the experience of staff and transportation reviews. In this paper, the problem of scheduling a set of n collection points (District Post Offices) from a depot (General Post Office) in Hong Kong Island is addressed. The objectives pursued are the maximization of resource utilization and minimization of operation costs. In other words, the variable cost is expected to be reduced. To achieve these goals, an integer linear programming (IP) model of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) is developed in an effort to obtain optimal solutions. As the model involves computational complexity, a commercial software package CPLEX is used to solve the problems efficiently. The results show that the proposed model can produce optimal vehicle routes and schedules.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.