Discussing the “positive utilities” of autonomous vehicles: will travellers really use their time productively?

ABSTRACT

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to reshape travel behaviour and demand in part by enabling productive uses of travel time—a primary component of the “positive utility of travel” concept—thus reducing subjective values of travel time savings (VOT). Many studies from industry and academia have assumed significant increases in travel time use and reductions in VOT for AVs. In this position paper, I argue that AVs’ VOT impacts may be more modest than anticipated and derive from a different source. Vehicle designs and operations may limit activity engagement during travel, with AV users feeling more like car passengers than train riders. Furthermore, shared AVs may attenuate travel time use benefits, and productivity gains could be limited to long-distance trips. Although AV riders will likely have greater activity participation during travel, many in-vehicle activities today may be more about coping with commuting burdens than productively using travel time. Instead, VOT reductions may be more likely to arise from a different “positive utility”—subjective well-being improvements through reduced stresses of driving or the ability to relax and mentally transition. Given high uncertainty, further empirical research on the experiential, time use, and VOT impacts of AVs is needed.     

铁路环境噪声对居民影响调查方法探讨

为了能够客观地反映噪声强度和居民主观反应之间的关系，使现场实测值接近被调查者所接受的噪声现状，合理地设计调查表，通过受试者对各种问题的回答来客观地描述自己的感受，减少个体之间的差异。着重探讨铁路环境噪声影响主、客观调查内容和方法。结论是：主观询问调查采用发收调查表的形式。客观测量方法根据与铁路垂直及平行楼群的不同要求按有关国标进行测量。     

城市轨道交通规划建设时序研究

城市轨道交通规划建设时序是城市轨道交通规划中最重要的内容之一,合理的建设时序方案不仅可以为城市的发展、城市交通的规划提供决策依据,而且可以拉动城市经济增长,缓解城市交通压力。为了使城市轨道交通规划建设时序更为合理,提出一种主观与客观相结合的轨道交通规划建设时序研究方法。首先筛选出轨道交通建设时序的5个指标,并通过对指标的分析提出量化公式,采用主观赋权法(9标度法)和客观赋权法(熵权法)相结合的方法计算各指标的权重,从而确立轨道交通规划建设时序;然后以南京市轨道交通为例,验证该方法的可行性与有效性。结果表明,采用该方法计算的结果与规划结果总体一致,在个别线路上能更好地表现出线路的问题。     

远洋船员责任心与其人格特质关系的研究

远洋船员的责任心与其人格特质中的有恒性和自律性有关。评估远洋船员的责任心可以通过对其人格特质的测试,结合实际工作中的观察进行。由于人格特质的可塑性,远洋船员责任心的培养可以通过人格特质的塑造来完成。     

整车内饰背光测试方法介绍

整车内饰背光的主要作用是为驾驶员夜间行驶提供信息照明,而照明的目的是识别对象、提升品质及夜间行驶安全。本文结合人们对不同颜色光的视觉感知,阐述整车内饰背光主观评价及客观测试方法,重点介绍客观测试方法。     

罗杰·艾伯特:美国影视评论的常青树

在美国电影评论界不断发展变迁的风云流转中,有一位始终站在时代前沿,立在舞台中央,称得上“常青树”的人物,他就是资深的电影评论家,全美知名度最高、最有影响力的影评人——罗杰·艾伯特.他的成功,有主客观两个方面的因素,客观因素包括:1.在国际电影市场美国一家独大,观众的观影热情,旺盛的销售市场,及其冗长的产业链,为影评提供的广阔的空间和舞台;2.发达的报纸、刊物、电视和网络,使电影批评有了安身立命的根基;3.电影批评机制已经相当成熟,保障影评人只需对艺术和自己的声誉负责等.主观因素包括:他本人所具有的良好的学养、渊博的知识,以及执着追求的精神与顺应潮流的意识.     

Objectification of steering feel around straight-line driving for vehicle/tyre design

This paper presents the objectification techniques for the assessment of steering feel including {on-centre} feel and steering response by measurement data. Here, new objective parameters are developed by considering not only the process by which the steering feel is evaluated subjectively but also by the ergonomic perceptive sensitivity of the driver. In order to validate such objective parameters, subjective tests are carried out by professional drivers. Objective measurements are also performed for several cars at a proving ground. The linear correlation coefficients between the subjective ratings and the objective parameters are calculated. As one of new objective parameters, steering wheel angle defined by ergonomic perception sensitivity shows high correlation with the subjective questionnaires of on-center responses. Newly defined steering torque curvature also shows high correlation with the subjective questionnaires of on-center effort. These correlation results conclude that the subjective assessment of steering feel can be successfully explained and objectified by means of the suggested objective parameters.     

标志视认性研究中的主观评价

人对道路交通标志的视认性研究是一个涉及多种学科的交叉课题,因此,通常的研究手段和方法不能完全的满足科研的需求。本文在探讨、介绍了人眼视觉系统的结构,归纳、总结了静态、动态视觉的基本特性的基础上,针对试验仪器在标志视认性客观评价上的局限以及人的主观心理作用在视认过程中的影响,制定了几套以道路交通标志上汉字笔画粗细为研究对象的主观评价试验,并得出了一些值得进一步探究的结论。     

解读《学习的革命》——思想改变世界

本文通过解读《学习的革命》一书主旨 ,阐述了在知识经济时代唯有更新我们的教育和学习观念 ,学会运用科学思维去自觉地认识和掌握学习技能 ,才能真正使我国现代化人才素质教育培养有质的飞跃。     

主体性人格与构建社会主义和谐社会

社会主义和谐社会是一个通过社会机体自身的改革与完善,不断促进社会成员人格独立、主体性自由发挥的真正体现人的价值和尊严的社会。构建社会主义和谐社会要以尊重和发展主体性人格为立足点。其中,民主法治以主体自由与服从规范的统一为根基;公平正义以对主体人格尊严的确认为标志;诚信友爱以对主体交往差异的尊重与宽容为前提;充满活力以主体创造性被激发为目的;安定有序以主体权利保障最佳化为条件;人与自然和谐相处以主体的理性和良知为保障。