A study on the timing of Asian metropolitan railway development with motorization and its effect on CO2 emissions from transportation

In metropolitan areas of developing and emerging economies in Asia, a remarkable phenomenon of motorization with rapid economic growth is accelerating a continuous formation of auto-dependent urban structures. The delayed timing of urban railway introduction could contribute to a negative spiral of motorization, which could provoke a severe increase in CO₂ emissions from transportation sector. In this paper, we attempt to evaluate the timing of urban railway station development based on the level of automobile share and an analysis of the CO₂ emissions in the catchment areas of newly introduced urban railway stations in Asian metropolitan areas; Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia. The result quantitatively reveals that the earlier development of the stations in comparison to the progress of motorization tended to result in a statistically significant reduction of CO₂ emissions from transportation year-by-year in the catchment areas. In addition, this study demonstrates statistically that urban development harmonized with urban railway systems with a higher service frequency should be a key factor on the strategic realization of low-carbon urban forms along public transportation corridors.     

Application of a Sustainable Fisheries Development Indicator System (SFDIS) for Better Management Outcomes in Taiwan Offshore and Coastal Fishery

A sustainable fisheries development indicator system (SFDIS) is proposed in this article to monitor management of Taiwan's offshore and coastal fisheries. Demonstration of its application shows that the ecological index is tending toward sustainability but to conserve fisheries’ resources it is necessary to strengthen habitat protection and management through a partnership approach. The economic index is tending toward unsustainability as a result of a decline in fisheries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP), value, economic production, and investment. An aging fisherman population and decreasing social performance and resilience contribute to unsustainability of the social index. By contrast, the institutional index is sustainable because of improved management efficiency, ability, and capacity-building. However, some problems exist with regard to compliance and acceptability of institutional expense. Overall, the SFDIS suggests that an increase in employee number, incorrect statistical data, and unacceptable institutional expense will make Taiwan's offshore and coastal fisheries unsustainable in the long run.     

公路建设项目"目标持续性评价"模型

应用层次分析法和模糊综合评判方法,建立对高速公路建设项目目标可持续性评价的数学模型,可为高速公路建设项目的可持续性评价提供有效的方法和依据。     

Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.     

基于投影寻踪模型的公路目标持续性综合评价

投影寻踪法具有变高维数据为低维数据,适用于处理非线性、离散数据的特点。文章针对公路目标持续性综合评价中指标的多样性、模糊性特点,提出了基于投影寻踪模型的公路目标持续性综合评价方法,并通过实例分析,证明了该方法使评价过程更客观、准确、简洁,具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

Effect of mass on multimodal fuel consumption in moving people and freight in the U.S.

The United States transportation sector consumes 5 billion barrels of petroleum annually to move people and freight around the country by car, truck, train, ship and aircraft, emitting significant greenhouse gases in the process. Making the transportation system more sustainable by reducing these emissions and increasing the efficiency of this multimodal system can be achieved through several vehicle-centric strategies. We focus here on one of these strategies – reducing vehicle mass – and on collecting and developing a set of physics-based expressions to describe the effect of vehicle mass reduction on fuel consumption across transportation modes in the U.S. These expressions allow analysts to estimate fuel savings resulting from vehicle mass reductions (termed fuel reduction value, FRV), across modes, without resorting to specialized software or extensive modeling efforts, and to evaluate greenhouse gas emission and cost implications of these fuel savings. We describe how FRV differs from fuel intensity (FI) and how to properly use both of these metrics, and we provide a method to adjust FI based on mass changes and FRV. Based on this work, we estimate that a 10% vehicle mass reduction (assuming constant payload mass) results in a 2% improvement in fuel consumption for trains and light, medium, and heavy trucks, 4% for buses, and 7% for aircraft. When a 10% vehicle mass reduction is offset by an increase in an equivalent mass of payload, fuel intensity (fuel used per unit mass of payload) increases from 6% to 23%, with the largest increase being for aircraft.     

Gender differences in travel behaviour and willingness to adopt sustainable behaviour

This paper presents pioneering research on gender differences in travel behaviour in southeastern Europe. The study analyses the socio-economic and main travel characteristics (particularly parking) of men and women. Additionally, it examines the influence of parking demand management measures on their behaviour, in terms of the willingness of men and women to reduce car use and to adopt more sustainable behaviour. The results reveal significant differences between genders in most of the characteristics examined. Moreover, it is shown that women are less car dependent and more sensitive to parking pricing and, therefore, more willing to replace a car journey with public transport. These findings suggest that gender should be an essential parameter when user behaviour is examined and modelled. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender differences must be considered when transport policy is created to affect the behaviour of men and women equally. The achievement of social equality is one of the primary objectives of sustainable development.     

���н�ͨϵͳ��SDģ�ͼ���Ӧ��

城市交通系统是一个多变量、多反馈、非线性的复杂系统,它的可持续发展受交通、社会、经济、环境等多种因素的制约,而传统的交通预测模型难以模拟这样一个复杂系统的动力机制。为此,本文采用系统动力学方法,在系统结构分析和因果反馈分析的基础上建立了城市交通系统的SD (System Dynamics) 模型,包括人口、经济发展、机动车保有量、环境影响、交通需求、交通供给和交通拥挤七个子系统。以大连主城区为对象,选取影响机动化发展的政策干预因素为调控参数进行仿真,分析了不同的机动化发展政策对城市发展和城市交通系统的影响,并提出了相应的建议和对策。     

Examining sustainability performance at ports: port managers’ perspectives on developing sustainable supply chains

ABSTRACT

This research examined the effects of sustainable supply chain management (i.e. internal sustainable development and external sustainable collaboration) on sustainability performance in the port context. Structural equation modeling was employed in this study using survey data collected from 135 respondents holding the position of supervisor or above in three major international port authorities in Taiwan (i.e. Keelung, Taichung, and Kaohsiung). Results indicated that external sustainable collaboration is positively associated with internal sustainable management, and internal sustainable management positively influences sustainability performance. This research also found that internal sustainable management mediates the effects of external sustainable collaboration on sustainability performance. The implication of the findings for port decision-makers, authorities, managers, and sustainable development are discussed.     

Approaches and Techniques for Modelling CO2 Emissions from Road Transport

Abstract

Transport accounts for around a quarter of CO₂ emissions globally. Transport modelling provides a useful means to explore the dynamics, scale and magnitude of transport-related emissions. This paper explores the modelling tools available for analysing the emissions of CO₂ from transport. Covering a range of techniques from transport microsimulation to global techno-economic models, this review provides insights into the various advantages and shortcomings of these tools. The paper also examines the value of having a broad range of perspectives for analysing emissions from transport. The paper concludes by suggesting that the broad range of models creates a rich environment for exploring a spectrum of policy questions around the emissions from transport, and the potential for combining modelling approaches further enhances the understanding that can be attained.