Comparative study of vehicle tyre–road friction coefficient estimation with a novel cost-effective method

This paper qualitatively and quantitatively reviews and compares three typical tyre–road friction coefficient estimation methods, which are the slip slope method, individual tyre force estimation method and extended Kalman filter method, and then presents a new cost-effective tyre–road friction coefficient estimation method. Based on the qualitative analysis and the numerical comparisons, it is found that all of the three typical methods can successfully estimate the tyre force and friction coefficient in most of the test conditions, but the estimation performance is compromised for some of the methods during different simulation scenarios. In addition, all of these three methods need global positioning system (GPS) to measure the absolute velocity of a vehicle. To overcome the above-mentioned problem, a novel cost-effective estimation method is proposed in this paper. This method requires only the inputs of wheel angular velocity, traction/brake torque and longitudinal acceleration, which are all easy to be measured using available sensors installed in passenger vehicles. By using this method, the vehicle absolute velocity and slip ratio can be estimated by an improved nonlinear observer without using GPS, and the friction force and tyre–road friction coefficient can be obtained from the estimated vehicle velocity and slip ratio. Simulations are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.     

美日汽车起动机性能指标解析

从起动机设计的角度，分析影响起动机主要性能指标的各项因素和调控规律。重点论述如何调整设计和制造工艺，使产品全面达到满足发动机和整车配套的技术要求。     

波浪作用下船舶撞击力计算参数的选择

系泊船舶在波浪作用下的撞击力往往是大型开敞式码头设计的控制荷载。由于规范公式中船舶附加水体质量系数Cm和波高取值偏小导致计算值与物理模型试验值相差甚大。建议Cm取值为1．7～2．0，波高取为H1%。     

城市轨道交通通风空调设备选型附加系数探讨

已运行的轨道交通通风空调设备,由于选型存在不合理因素,有些不能较好地适应系统的实际需求,而设备选型附加系数取值的合理性是重要原因之一。先对现行设计规范、手册、技术措施、轨道交通工程设计技术要求对设备选型附加系数取值的规定进行了分析;然后对各种通风空调设备分析各参数需要修正的原因、各参数间相互关联对修正的影响;最后提出各类设备需要修正的主要参数及其附加系数的建议值。     

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

A full-spectral third-generation ocean wind–wave model (Wavewatch-III) implemented in the South China Sea is used to investigate the effects of the wave boundary layer on the drag coefficient and the sea-to-air transfer velocity of dimethylsulfide (DMS) during passage of Typhoon Wukong (September 5–11, 2000) with a maximum sustained wind speed of 38 m s^− 1. The model is driven by the reanalyzed surface winds (1° × 1°, four times daily) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. It is found that the wave boundary layer evidently enhances (16.5%) the drag coefficient (in turn increases the momentum flux across the air–sea interface), and reduces (13.1%) the sea-to-air DMS transfer velocity (in turn decreases the sea-to-air DMS flux). This indicates the possibility of important roles of wave boundary layer in atmospheric DMS contents and global climate system.     

三线铁路桥梁疲劳检算的三线系数

铁路桥梁结构的疲劳寿命主要取决于桥梁结构构造细节、活载作用效应特征和活载作用次数。从列车上桥时刻的随机分布特征及列车相遇对桥梁损伤的累积作用出发,分析三线铁路桥梁结构疲劳检算中三线系数的影响因素。分析结果表明,三线系数只与各线列车的最大作用效应、列车运营密度(发车时间间隔)以及在桥上的持续时间有关。基于遭遇概率理论,推导三线系数的计算公式。采用该公式计算的三线系数与现场调查分析法所得结果基本一致。     

高寒高海拔特长公路隧道温度场分布效应

为了深入分析高寒隧道的温度场分布规律,依托西藏高寒高海拔珠角拉山特长公路隧道,采用数值模拟与数理统计的方法,重点探讨了隧道通风时间、围岩初始温度和隧道埋深3个变量下的围岩温度场分布规律,并引入调热圈概念,得到珠角拉山特长公路隧道调热圈深度与隧道通风时间函数关系式。研究结果表明:不同围岩初始温度下的调热圈是一样的;围岩径向深度越大,其温度变化对围岩初始温度变化越敏感;围岩初始温度越高,监测点的温度变化速率峰值越低,且整体温度变化速率也较小;根据Pearson相关系数分析,调热圈深度与隧道埋深、围岩初始温度无关。     

新型立式铝-钢复合接头焊后性能实验研究

本文通过对新型立式铝—钢复合接头焊接后的抗拉强度、疲劳性能、抗冲击性能等实验研究，得出了新型立式铝—钢复合接头焊接后在力学性能上满足工程应用要求的结论。     

船舶阻力的相关系数及其应用

在船模拟试验和分析和基础上，提出船模阻换算为实船阻力时可应用相关阻力系数的方法。相关系数法综合考虑了实船和船模的粗糙度和船模的尺度效应，因此其估算的实船阻力一因次法和三因闪法具有更高的严谨。     

Influence of the track quality and of the properties of the wheel–rail rolling contact on vehicle dynamics

This work describes an analytical approach to determine what degree of accuracy is required in the definition of the rail vehicle models used for dynamic simulations. This way it would be possible to know in advance how the results of simulations may be altered due to the existence of errors in the creation of rolling stock models, whilst also identifying their critical parameters. This would make it possible to maximise the time available to enhance dynamic analysis and focus efforts on factors that are strictly necessary. In particular, the parameters related both to the track quality and to the rolling contact were considered in this study. With this aim, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess their influence on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. To do this, 72 dynamic simulations were performed modifying, one at a time, the track quality, the wheel–rail friction coefficient and the equivalent conicity of both new and worn wheels. Three values were assigned to each parameter, and two wear states were considered for each type of wheel, one for new wheels and another one for reprofiled wheels. After processing the results of these simulations, it was concluded that all the parameters considered show very high influence, though the friction coefficient shows the highest influence. Therefore, it is recommended to undertake any future simulation job with measured track geometry and track irregularities, measured wheel profiles and normative values of the wheel–rail friction coefficient.