Second best toll and capacity optimisation in networks: solution algorithm and policy implications

This paper looks at the first and second best jointly optimal toll and road capacity investment problems from both policy and technical oriented perspectives. On the technical side, the paper investigates the applicability of the constraint cutting algorithm for solving the second best problem under elastic demand which is formulated as a bilevel programming problem. The approach is shown to perform well despite several problems encountered by our previous work in Shepherd and Sumalee (Netw. Spat. Econ., 4(2): 161–179, 2004). The paper then applies the algorithm to a small sized network to investigate the policy implications of the first and second best cases. This policy analysis demonstrates that the joint first best structure is to invest in the most direct routes while reducing capacities elsewhere. Whilst unrealistic this acts as a useful benchmark. The results also show that certain second best policies can achieve a high proportion of the first best benefits while in general generating a revenue surplus. We also show that unless costs of capacity are known to be low then second best tolls will be affected and so should be analysed in conjunction with investments in the network.

某高桩码头的荷载试验和承载力评估

介绍某高桩码头原位荷载试验的试验方案和试验过程,并从安全承载角度评定了码头升级使用的可行性,提出了码头安全运行的建议.     

Simplified buckling-and-contact-based expansion method for assessment of crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structure

Ship-to-ship collision events can have severe consequences such as loss of life and environmental degradation. For this reason, modern ship designs are required to incorporate a double-hulled structure to prevent inner-hull damage from such events. Using the experimental or numerical method to analyze the crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structures entails much effort, for which reason neither method is easy to adopt at the early design stage. In this paper, an existing simplified method called Ito's method is improved by a new buckling-and-contact-based expansion method. This method can be applied to double-hulled-structure or outer-hull-local-rupture failure mode. The perpendicular bow-to-side collision scenario is assumed for a conservative estimation of damage to a double-hulled structure. The method was verified in the present study by numerical ship collision simulations of several cases. The results for the buckling-and-contact-based expansion method and numerical simulation were similar for a blunt shape of striking body but different for a sharp shape.     

基于ANSYS的三通道储罐结构加固及修复技术

以一台三通道储罐为分析对象,此储罐在轻微压力环境下即发生了局部开裂。以ANSYS有限元方法为基础,通过在内部合理布置T型钢加强筋的方式进行结构加固。并在确保结构强度的前提下,计算出了板制T型钢厚度的最优解。自加固修复后,此三通道储罐已安全运行2 a以上,这种基于ANSYS的结构加固及修复技术,体现了良好的工程实用性和经济性。     

Experimental study on seismic vibration control of an offshore wind turbine with TMD considering soil liquefaction effect

Wind energy is clean and sustainable. Taiwan is establishing offshore wind farms using wind turbines in the Taiwan Strait. However, these are located in an earthquake-prone area with sandy seabed conditions. To ensure their safety and reliability, the turbines’ support structure must be protected against wind, waves, and seismic loads. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are commonly employed to reduce structural vibrations. A TMD is more simply incorporated into turbine structures than are other energy dissipation devices. In this study, a 1:25-scale test model with a TMD was constructed and subjected to shaking table tests to experimentally simulate the dynamic behavior of a typical 5-MW wind turbine with a jacket-type support structure and pile foundation. The scaled-down wind turbine model has a nacelle without rotating blades; therefore, the aerodynamic and rotational effects due to the rotating blades were ignored in this study. A large laminar shear box filled with saturated sandy ground was used to simulate the typical seabed conditions of Taiwanese offshore wind farms. The TMD system was designed to be tuned the first-mode frequency of the test model. Two ground accelerations, selected by considering wind farm site condition and near-fault characteristics, were used for excitation in the test. The responses of the test model with and without the TMD system were compared, and the influence of soil liquefaction on the effectiveness of TMD vibration control was addressed.     

复杂载荷下裂纹SIF计算的子模型技术

对船舶与海洋工程结构物进行疲劳评估,首先要通过子模型技术解决复杂应力场中裂纹应力强度因子(SIF)的计算问题。针对子模型技术实现过程繁杂且效率较低的问题,分别提出逐周分层法,转换矩阵法及映射划分法并基于VBA及APDL语言编写插件MPCarrangerV1.0,FEMcoortransferV1.0及CrackmapperV1.0,解决从Patran整体有限元模型到Ansys子模型时壳体单元间MPC创建低效、不同坐标系间节点位置转换困难及裂纹自由划分的局限性问题。基于DNV及ABS相关规范,以某B型LNG燃料舱的疲劳热点为例,对改进的子模型技术进行验证,结果表明经改进的子模型技术可成功施加合理边界条件并实现SIF的求解,可为子模型技术快速实现复杂载荷下裂纹SIF的准确计算提供参考。     

The Downs–Thomson Paradox with responsive transit service

Downs (1962) and Thomson (1977) suggested that highway capacity expansion may produce counterproductive effects on the two-mode (auto and transit) transport system (Downs–Thomson Paradox). This paper investigates the occurrence of this paradox when transit authority can have different economic objectives (profit-maximizing or breakeven) and operating schemes (frequency, fare, or both frequency and fare). For various combinations of economic objectives and operating schemes, the interaction between highway expansion and transit service is explored, as well as its impact on travelers’ mode choices and travel utilities. Further, for each combination, the conditions for occurrence of the Downs–Thomson Paradox are established. We show that the paradox never occurs when transit authority is profit-maximizing, but it is inevitable when the transit authority is running to maximize travelers’ utility while maintaining breakeven. This is because the former transit authority tends to enhance transit service (e.g., raise frequency or reduce fare) when facing an expanded highway; and on the contrary, the latter tends to compromise transit service (e.g., reduce frequency or raise fare). Both analytical and numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical results.     

CFRP加固梁承载力分析

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)是新兴技术,在国外有少数的在木质和砌体结构上的补强加固应用。利用空间大型有限元软件ANSYS软件,对带有翼缘板薄壁箱形连续梁进行了有限元分析,并对各个有限元分析模型的结果进行对比分析。     

扩底抗拔桩极限承载力半经验半理论计算方法与试验验证

文章考虑了土体力学特性,以及桩身材料性质、桩长与桩径(含扩底直径)、桩顶埋深、桩顶卸载与加载、群桩效应等诸多因素的影响,结合工程经验给出了计算扩底抗拔桩极限承载力的半经验半理论方法;根据扩底抗拔桩破坏面位置不同,将扩底抗拔桩破坏模式分为三类(即破坏面延伸至地表的整体剪切破坏、破坏面介于地表与扩孔段之间的局部剪切破坏与破坏面位于扩孔段附近的冲剪破坏),推导出了整体剪切破坏模式的极限平衡状态方程;并依据扩底抗拔桩轴对称条件与土体抗拉强度小的力学特征,给出了求解整体破坏面的微分筒数值解法;利用经验法估算了局部剪切破坏、冲剪破坏模式下的端阻力,进而给出了任意土层中扩底抗拔桩承载力计算步骤与方法;最后,结合一足尺试验的计算分析与承载力测试比较,验证了计算方法的可靠性与精确度。     

在役丁烯-1球罐声发射检测

为确保在役丁烯-1球罐的使用安全性,制定了以声发射检测为主的检验方案。在球罐外表面布置50只传感器,采用2次加压循环过程对在役丁烯-1球罐进行声发射检测,仪器自动记录各加载阶段出现的数据信号并进行定位计算。通过对声发射源进行强度和活性分析,未发现活性声发射源信号,综合声发射检测结果和使用情况,该球罐安全状况良好,可继续使用。同时为保证使用安全,建议在使用期间做好年度检查工作,在适当时机开罐进行全面检验。