On a pathway to de-carbonization – A comparison of new passenger car CO2 emission standards and taxation measures in the G20 countries

Considering the role of transport for a 1.5 Degree stabilization pathway and the importance of light-duty vehicle fuel efficiency within that, it is important to understand the key elements of a policy package to shape the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleet. This paper presents an analysis focusing on three types of policy measures: (1) CO₂ emission standards for new vehicles, (2) vehicle taxation directly and indirectly based on CO₂ emission levels, and (3) fuel taxation. The paper compares the policies in the G20 economies and estimates the financial impact of those policies using the example of a Ford Focus vehicle model. This analysis is a contribution to the assessment of the role of the transport sector in global decarbonisation efforts. The findings of this paper show that only an integrated approach of regulatory and fiscal policy measures can yield substantial efficiency gains in the vehicle fleet and can curb vehicle kilometres travelled by individual motorised transport. Using the illustrative example of one vehicle model, the case study analysis shows that isolated measures, e.g. fuel efficiency regulation without corresponding fuel and vehicle taxes only have minor CO₂ emission reduction effects and that policy measures need to be combined in order to achieve substantial emission reduction gains over time. The analysis shows that the highest level of impact is achieved by a combination regulatory and fiscal policies rather than only one policy even if this policy is more aggressive. When estimating the quantitative effect of fuel efficiency standards, vehicle and fuel tax, the analysis shows that substantial gains with regard to CO₂ emission are only achieved at a financial impact level above 500 Euros over a four year period.     

Would personal carbon trading reduce travel emissions more effectively than a carbon tax?

The application of personal carbon trading (PCT) to transport choices has recently been considered in the literature as a means of reducing CO₂ emissions. Its potential effectiveness in changing car travel behavior is compared to the conventional carbon tax (CT) by means of a stated preferences survey conducted among French drivers (N ∼ 300). We show evidence that PCT could effectively change travel behavior and hence reduce transport emissions from personal travel. There is however a definite reluctance to reduce car travel. We were unable to demonstrate any significant difference between the effectiveness of PCT and the CT with regard to changing travel behavior. However, in the experiment, the PCT scheme provided consistent results while this was not the case for the CT scheme. Further research is needed into the “social norm” conveyed by a personal emissions allowance.     

全景图自动生成技术在地铁中的应用

全景图自动生成技术能够将不同角度拍摄的列车周边场景图片自动拼接成一张连续的图像,完整展现列车每时刻的周边场景。介绍了全景图自动生成技术中的图像配准、图像拼接两个主要技术,并将其应用于地铁无线集群通信系统中,实时并完整显示每列列车所在的位置及周边的场景,从而为列车调度提供可视化的操作界面,并为列车的实时跟踪提供多维度的、清晰的现场视频数据。     

GSM-R网络QoS指标研究(一) GSM-R网络注册时延指标的研究

通过基本理论研究和现场测试数据的分析,研究影响GSM-R网络注册时延指标的因素,对今后的网络建设和运营过程中如何进一步提高该项指标提出建设性的意见。     

图像融合技术在医学图像拼合中的应用

对基于图像互信息量的融合方法进行了研究.对直方图概率分布估计有所改进,并与Parzen窗函数估计方法进行比较.应用并比较Powell's和类统计梯度搜索策略的特点,对图像的预处理以及融合后图像的显示提出新的方法.应用这些方法拼合实际医学图像,得到很好的拼合结果.     

试论我国财产税制度存在的问题及改革设想

前些年我国针对流转税和所得税进行了税制改革,尽管取得了相当大的成就,但对财产税这方面的改革则相对滞后,相关课税制度还很不完善,地方税收缺乏主体税种,财政收入与事权不符,与地方经济发展水平不符,明显不适应社会经济发展的需要。本文了阐明财产税的含义、特征和地位、作用,分析了目前财产税制度存在的问题,提出我国财产税制度改革的设想,建立我国以物业税为主的全新的财产税体系。     

枣庄市X区国税局推行绩效考核的实践与思考

税务部门传统的考核方法无法有效调动税务人员工作积极性,存在诸多弊端,枣庄市X区国税局以量化积分制考核破解考核难题,提高了工作绩效,更新了管理理念。     

浅谈登记制度在市政管理中的适用

随着社会的发展,大量的市政不动产设施相继出现,且数量日益庞大。然而,由于我国尚未出台相关的登记制度,导致出现市政不动产设施产权不明晰、权益无从保障等混乱局面。基于此,该文从不同角度分析和探讨了登记制度在市政管理中的适用。     

道岔后曲线上方接触网问题的分析及对策

介绍了道岔后曲线上方接触网易出现的问题,通过借助国内外先进的理论知识和成熟方法分析和研究了京沪线利国站-处道岔后曲线偏离受电弓轨迹的例子,得出接触网最大偏移值和定位器的拽拉角是影响和判断接触网稳定性的重要因素和方法,为以后在设计和施工中找到了行之有效的处理对策.     

我国船舶融资租赁税收法律问题研究

时下正值我国船舶融资租赁发展的关键阶段,税收作为宏观调控的有效手段,理应发挥重要的作用,并应当形成科学的税收法律体系作为制度保障。但是,我国税收立法技术尚待提高,与船舶融资租赁相关的税收政策仍有待于进一步的落实和细化。对融资租赁行业税收法律制度介入的重要性进行分析,从流转税、关税、企业所得税这3个层面出发,剖析制度不足及其产生的根源,对未来船舶融资、租赁税收、法律制度构建的路径进行规划。