Long-term sea surface temperature baselines—time series, spatial covariation and implications for biological processes

Coastal areas such as estuaries, bays and fjords usually have hydrographic characteristics (e.g., temperature, salinity) which differ from those at larger spatial scales and in offshore areas. The differences can arise if the areas are subject to different climatic forcing or if they are relatively isolated from each other due to topographic and ocean circulation features which inhibit advective inputs of water mass properties. Local differences in hydrographic conditions can therefore potentially limit the applicability of existing long time series of coastally monitored temperatures for addressing questions at large spatial scales, such as the response of species distributions and phenologies to climate change. In this study we investigate the spatial synchrony of long-term sea surface temperatures in the North Sea–Baltic Sea region as measured daily at four coastal sites (Marsdiep, Netherlands; Torungen, Norway; Skagens Reef, Denmark; and Christiansø, Denmark) and in several large offshore areas. All time series, including two series reconstructed and intercalibrated for this study (Skagens Reef and Christiansø, Denmark), began during 1861–1880 and continue until at least 2001. Temperatures at coastal sites co-varied strongly with each other and with opportunistically measured offshore temperatures despite separation distances between measuring locations of 20–1200 km. This covariance is probably due to the influence of large-scale atmospheric processes on regional temperatures and is consistent with the known correlation radius of atmospheric fluctuations (ca. 1000 km). Differences (e. g, long-term trends, amplitude of seasonal variations) between coastal temperatures and those measured in adjacent offshore areas varied nonrandomly over time and were often significantly autocorrelated up to 2 years. These differences suggest that spatial variations in physical oceanographic phenomena and sampling heterogeneities associated with opportunistic sampling could affect perceptions of biological responses to temperature fluctuations. The documentation that the coastally measured temperatures co-vary with those measured opportunistically in offshore areas suggests that the coastal data, which have been measured daily using standardized methods and instruments, contain much of the variability seen at larger spatial scales. We conclude that both types of time series can facilitate assessments of how species and ecosystems have responded to past temperature changes and how they may react to future temperature changes.     

邵怀高速公路水泥稳定级配碎石半刚性基层非荷载作用裂缝控制

介绍了水泥稳定级配碎石基层强度的形成原理,对水泥稳定碎石基层裂缝的成因机理进行了系统研究。在综合运用试验条件下,统计了非荷载作用下水泥稳定级配碎石半刚性基层干缩应变、干缩系数与级配、失水率、环境温度之间关系,分析了影响水泥稳定级配碎石半刚性基层出现裂缝的主要因素,并在施工控制、配比设计、含水量控制、水泥剂量的控制、养生、压实度控制等施工工艺、工程措施方面提出了控制裂缝产生的措施。     

大跨径预应力混凝土连续刚构桥应力监控研究分析

分析阐述应力监控对安全进行大跨径预应力钢混凝土连续刚构桥施工的重要意义,分析了振弦应力测试的误差主要来源,提出减少误差的方法。应用桥梁结构分析程序BRCAD对结构应力进行仿真分析,比较分析控制截面应力实测值和理论计算值,测试结果表明应力实测值与理论计算值能较好的吻合。在施工过程中,控制截面实测的最大应力值小于规范的允许值,施工过程安全。     

新旧混凝土梁横向拼接的收缩徐变效应

为分析混凝土收缩徐变对新旧桥梁拼接的影响,在不考虑梁自重的情况下,采用弹性力学求解法分析了新旧梁横向拼接后新梁的收缩徐变效应,推导了拼接后新梁上的纵向拉应力及拼接处的剪力计算公式。以钢筋混凝土简支T型梁桥的拼接为例,比较了新梁在不同混凝土龄期时与旧梁拼接所产生的纵向拉应力和剪应力,同时还对比了不同环境年平均相对湿度对新梁上纵向拉应力和剪应力的影响。计算结果表明:拼接时新梁混凝土龄期和不同环境年平均相对湿度对拼接结构的受力影响较大,新旧梁拼接设计时须采取相应措施以减少混凝土收缩。     

碳纤维布加固混凝土箱形墩柱温度自应力研究

考虑到碳纤维布(CFRP)与混凝土的热胀系数不同,该文建立了CFRP加同任意形状横截面混凝土构件因日照辐射或骤然降温引起的温度自约束变形求解方程,进而推导了CFRP加固混凝土箱形墩柱在均匀、线性和指数变化温度梯度下的温度自应力解析式。文章中与未加固混凝土箱形墩柱温度自应力解析式进行了对比分析,CFRP加固箱形墩柱即使在均匀和线性变化温度梯度下也会产生温度自应力,在指数变化温度梯度下CFRP中产生可观的温度自应力。所推导的自约束变形求解方程和温度自应力解析式既适用于CFRP加固混凝土构件也适用于未加同混凝土构件。采用ANSYS有限元软件对温度自应力进行仿真分析,与该文公式计算结果对照,说明文中推导的CFRP加固混凝土箱形墩柱温度自应力解析式具有足够的精度。     

沥青稳定基层混合料的矿料级配研究

本研究的目的是选定合理的沥青稳定基层混合料级配,并研究其力学性能和疲劳规律。首先,通过与国外沥青稳定基层常用级配及国内相关级配的比较,以及大量的马歇尔试验和强度试验,初选出沥青稳定碎石1号(公称粒径26.5 mm)和沥青稳定碎石2号(公称粒径31.5 mm)两种级配类型;然后,在M TS810材料试验系统上进行了应力控制的疲劳试验,研究其抗疲劳性能。试验表明,这两种级配的沥青稳定基层碎石混合料的力学性能和疲劳性能优良,能够用于修筑高等级公路的沥青稳定基层。     

大跨预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥日照温差效应

对某特大型预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥进行了连续4 d的温差效应观测,在实测数据的基础上论述了箱梁桥的温度场及其变化规律,继而提出了一种适合于中国中部地区的同时考虑箱梁竖向和横向温差的温度梯度模式,将该模式与实测资料进行了比较并分析了温差效应。结果表明:由该模式计算出的最大横向温差时刻与实测结果十分吻合,对箱梁桥日照温差效应的测试有参考价值。     

高墩大跨连续刚构桥施工控制分析

龙潭河特大桥采用连续刚构体系,其桥墩最高达178 m。为了分析桥墩及桩基础对桥梁结构的受力影响,建立考虑桩基作用及墩底固结两个不同的计算模型,计算和比较了箱梁施工预拱度及温度荷载作用下的结构控制截面的弯矩。     

福建省水泥混凝土路面结构温度场监测试验研究

水泥混凝土路面性能显著受到温度应力影响。我国地大物博,各地区气候不同,路面结构亦有差别,为准确了解本地水泥混凝土路面结构的受力性能,针对具体结构进行区域温度场和温度应力研究是十分必要的。以福建省南平市、福州市两地水泥混凝土路面结构为研究实体,进行了3个不利季节的现场温度场监测,并得到相关的重要实测数据。阐述了试验路段温度场的具体监测方案,包括温度传感器和自动气象站的布置、埋设,以及现场观测程序等。基于测试数据处理,分析了贫水泥混凝土基层和冲击压实破碎水泥混凝土板作垫层的两种水泥混凝土路面结构温度场、温度梯度的分布特性。校验了目前常用的一维温度场和二维温度场的适用性,得到一些有意义结论,为水泥混凝土路面温度场及温度应力深入研究提供了试验依据。     

红外热像仪在沥青混凝土路面质量控制中的应用研究

介绍了红外热像仪的测温原理和使用方法,并对其在沥青混凝土路面面层施工温度离析检测中的应用进行了研究。主要对沥青混合料的离析类型、温度离析对密度(压实度)的影响、改善温度离析试验等进行了研究。