大跨桥梁油罐车燃烧火灾模型计算方法研究

桥梁上油罐车燃烧可分为油罐车火灾和燃油泄漏油池火灾2种,为了建立2种定量分析的火灾模型,基于火灾学原理,采用理论分析与FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,提出了考虑危化品种类、桥面风、油罐车尺寸等因素的油罐车火灾最大热释放速率定量计算方法;建立了燃烧油池最大直径、扩散时间以及直径扩大速度的求解方程,提出了可表征不同泄漏孔径下油池扩散、燃烧动态过程的数学模型,并通过前人的试验结果对模型的正确性进行了验证。通过对依托工程的分析,结果表明:油罐车火灾时,最大热释放速率与桥面风速正相关,但增长幅度逐渐减小,风速从4.96 m·s^-1增至10.84 m·s^-1时,最大热释放速率的变化范围为62.89~113.54 MW,随风速增加至10.84 m·s^-1,燃烧时间逐渐变短,缩短至原来的57%,火焰高度逐渐降低,趋近于9.5 m(含油罐车高度);火焰核心区域随风速增大而增大,且向下风向倾斜。泄漏油池燃烧时,泄漏孔径的变化对热释放速率和油池扩散时间影响较小;泄漏速率比接近于泄漏孔半径的平方比,油池最大直径比、扩大速度比与泄漏孔半径比相当,燃烧时间随泄漏孔半径的增大而减小,减小速度变缓;随着燃烧油池直径增大,火焰高度增加,火焰核心区域增大;当扩散至最大直径时,其火焰的水平影响区域比油罐车燃烧更广,但燃烧时间更短。     

侧向撞击作用下U形梁抗倾覆稳定性与失效模式

在对国内外相关规范关于桥梁抗倾覆稳定性计算方法与脱轨荷载调查分析的基础上,计算了U形梁在保持抗倾覆稳定性下的最大侧向碰撞荷载,对比了欧洲规范EN 1991-1-7:2006和TB 10002-2017《铁路桥涵设计规范》中U形梁的抗倾覆稳定性计算式。基于有限元分析方法对腹板侧向承载力进行仿真分析,明确了U形梁在侧向撞击作用下的失效模式。研究结果表明:2种规范计算得到的最大侧向碰撞荷载有所差异,但均大于3.5 MN;列车脱轨情况下的脱轨荷载模式和作用位置对U形梁抗倾覆稳定性的影响显著;U形梁跨中区域加载侧的底板和腹板在侧向位移加载模式下发生了大面积塑性损伤,腹板还发生了明显的侧向变形;U形梁在侧向撞击作用下的失效模式表现为腹板侧向承载力达到极限而发生破坏,通过拟静力分析确定U形梁腹板侧向极限承载力为1.5 MN,结构整体不会倾覆失稳。在设计和使用阶段应对U形梁腹板的损伤和承载力评估予以重点关注。     

土压平衡盾构不满舱施工遇到的问题及对策

中国土压平衡盾构采用不满舱施工非常普遍,因此施工过程中经常出现一些问题。通过对开挖面压力平衡状态的分析,结合工程实例对开挖面的整体稳定、渣土排出异常、开挖面部分坍塌、壁后注浆窜浆等现象进行讨论,解释其发生的主要原理。提出渣土泥浆化的概念、判断标准,明确其与喷涌的差异,并讨论不满舱施工时窜浆发生过程,给出判断窜浆发生的主要条件,明确发生局部渗透破坏的条件。研究结果表明:即使风化岩等高渗性地层开挖面整体稳定性计算满足不满舱施工的强度要求,也会出现局部渗透破坏甚至开挖面坍塌;不满舱施工开挖面局部渗透破坏等引起的超挖量大、窜浆引起盾尾充填效果差均导致地表沉降过大。基于上述问题产生的原理提出相应措施以维持土舱内压力与地层中土水压力的平衡,研究结果能够为土压平衡盾构施工提供一定技术支撑。     

Inverse identification of wheel–rail contact forces based on observation of wheel disc strains: an evaluation of three numerical algorithms

In this paper, three numerical algorithms for the identification of wheel–rail contact forces based on measured wheel disc strains on an instrumented railway wheelset are discussed and compared. The three algorithms include one approach resting on static calibration, one that is applying a Kalman filter and the third is exploiting an inverse identification scheme. To demonstrate and evaluate the alternative methods, two load cases including periodic excitation by sinusoidal wheel–rail irregularities and transient excitation by an insulated rail joint are considered. Based on a previously presented vehicle–track interaction model in the time domain, load scenarios are defined by taking the calculated vertical wheel–rail contact forces as the reference force to be re-identified by the proposed algorithms. The reference contact forces are applied on a finite element model of the wheel to generate synthetic observation data, that is, radial strains at the positions of the strain gauges, serving as input to the identification procedures. It is concluded that the inverse identification scheme leads to superior accuracy at higher computational cost. If on-line implementation and evaluation is required, the Kalman filter generates better accuracy than the static calibration approach.     

溶洞的存在对隧道开挖影响的数值分析

以白须公1号隧道为背景,运用有限元程序MIDAS/GTS模拟了隧道穿过特大溶洞时分台阶开挖的施工过程,分析了隧道在有溶洞条件下的施工力学行为,为关键部位加强支护提供理论依据。分析结果表明：该溶洞围岩自承能力较好,隧道衬砌连接处会出现应力集中,施工过程中要确保支护结构的整体稳定。     

静水中水面倾覆船舶打捞的力学分析

水面倾覆船舶的打捞过程是一项非常复杂的海上打捞作业。主要研究静水中水面倾覆船舶的打捞问题。首先对其进行稳性计算，然后初步规划出打捞方案，再对打捞过程进行力学分析。采用起吊能力较大的浮置起重机作为主要打捞工具，同时装配甲板滑车来支撑和稳定船舶。对打捞过程中船舶的水动力特性及起吊力的计算，运用matlab工具实现数值仿真。最后对计算结果进行分析。     

断裂力学在轨道车辆结构寿命预测中的应用

轨道车辆结构在服役过程中难免会产生缺陷。为确保含缺陷车辆结构的运行安全,文章引入针对缺陷的断裂力学疲劳分析方法和结构完整性评估标准BS 7910,介绍了其特点,并阐述了基于BS 7910标准对含缺陷车辆结构进行寿命预测的关键环节。根据预测结果,可指导运维单位对结构制定维保策略。     

生本视角下我国高校教师教学质量评价的三重审视

伴随高等教育大众化进程,我国高校逐步进入以质量取胜的内涵式发展阶段,质量成为高等院校赖以生存与发展的生命线,尤其是高职院校人才培养质量遭受质疑,在新的时代背景下高职教育如何从大变局和新占位视域跳出传统思维定式走向理性。教师教学质量评价作为高校一项常规性工作,不只是一个管理工具和评价手段的应用,而是关乎人才培养质量的管理与生成,集中体现为学生需求满足程度的价值判断过程,其根本目的在于提高人才培养质量。本文基于生本视角,从问题缘起、理论探源及结构要素三个逻辑层面重视高校教师教学质量评价,深刻回答教师教学质量评价"为什么、是什么、怎么样"的元生逻辑问题,以期从学理层面厘清教师教学质量评价的本质内涵和应然之义,科学指导实践。     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.     

朔黄重载铁路线路设备合理修理周期研究北大核心

基于朔黄铁路线路设备维修现状,通过理论分析、室内试验和现场测试探讨适用于该铁路线路设备的修理周期。结果表明:直线区段钢轨大修周期为1 390~1 650 Mt通过总质量;半径400~1 500 m曲线区段钢轨换轨周期为300~800 Mt通过总质量;建议在通过总质量达到60 Mt前进行预防性钢轨打磨,通过总质量超过150 Mt时进行修理性钢轨打磨;直线区段扣件更换周期与钢轨大修周期相同;道床每年捣固2~3遍,25、30 t轴重条件下通过总质量分别达到1 300~1 500 Mt、1 200~1 300 Mt时进行道床清筛。