基于统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）的深潜器载人舱疲劳可靠性分析

疲劳是承受循环载荷的金属结构最重要的失效机制,现已有多种金属疲劳寿命预报方法。实际的设计、制造、加工和操作等工序环节中总是存在不确定性,这些不确定性的影响将在结构的疲劳寿命中富集,为此发展了疲劳可靠性分析。该文讨论了将疲劳可靠性分析方法和统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）相结合的可行性,为海洋结构物的安全使用提供参考。文中的极限状态方程是基于统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）得到的,并讨论了其中各参数对疲劳寿命的影响;针对一组TC4-ELI的疲劳裂纹扩展数据,分别采用Monte-Carlo法和JC法开展了疲劳可靠性分析,两种分析方法得到的结果彼此符合得较好。     

A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

水泥路面板高温隆起的力学机理分析

为了避免或延缓水泥路面板在夏季产生高温隆起现象,从力学机理的角度,探讨了水泥路面板在夏季高温隆起的原因,并举例计算水泥路面板板顶与板底全年最大的应力差及水泥路面板压曲临界应力。结果表明,仅从强度的角度来看,如胀缝设置不当,则旧水泥路面板在夏季都是危险的;如果胀缝功能得不到保证,厚度26 cm左右的水泥路面板,在夏季出现隆起的临界板长约为85 m。因此,建议在南方地区,对于4级及4级以下公路(特别是低造价的农村公路)广泛采用的素混凝土或低配筋混凝土路面,胀缝按80 m间距来设置是适宜的。     

波形钢腹板组合箱梁弹性阶段弯曲理论及模型试验研究

基于波形钢腹板组合箱梁独特的受力特点,建立了系统的弹性阶段受弯分析理论：从弯曲正应变分布的拟平截面假定出发,采用材料力学方法,推导了正应力、剪应力及波形钢腹板承担的剪力占整个截面所受剪力比例的计算公式;运用能量原理推导了挠度的计算公式。分析表明：在完全忽略波形钢腹板弯曲刚度的情况下,其剪应力沿梁高是不变的;波形钢腹板承担的剪力比例一般在80％以上;在设计常用的高跨比下,波形腹板剪切变形引起的挠度不可忽略。在此基础上,进行了1根模型梁的试验研究,理论分析值与试验结果、空间有限元计算值吻合良好,说明本文理论公式可以在设计中应用。     

强夯法处理湿陷性黄土路基的试验研究

通过试验的方法研究某高速公路湿陷性黄土路基的特性,并结合室内击实路基土试样的三轴剪切试验和现场强夯路基土的湿陷性系数的对比试验,研究确定路基土的物理力学特性、黄土路基的湿陷性和强夯法加固湿陷性黄土路基的效果,研究结果对湿陷性黄土地区工程具有参考价值。     

路桥过渡段容许差异沉降计算模型

为确定路桥过渡段桥台与引道之间的差异沉降,考虑行车的舒适性和安全性,以人的振动频率和加速度最大瞬态振动值作为控制指标,建立了台阶状和折线形不设搭板与设搭板的路桥过渡段模型,提出以容许台阶高度和搭板容许纵坡变化值作为不设搭板与设搭板的路桥过渡段容许差异沉降,以三自由度体系作为单轮平整度测定车模型,以五自由度体系作为双轴车辆模型,而且五自由度体系中不能忽略车架的转动惯量。容许最大瞬态振动值为1．0m／s。时,搭板容许纵坡变化计算值为0．42％,位于行车调查得到的0．4％～0．5％范围内,表明本文建立的模型是合理的。     

强岩溶区隧道施工中隧底最小安全厚度分析研究

岩溶隧道底板以下既有溶洞对隧道施工安全及铁路运营有直接的影响，分析、评价岩溶隧道底板的稳定性是岩溶隧道施工的关键问题之一。采用荷载传递线的概念，提出了岩溶隧道底板最小安全厚度的半定量评价方法；采用弹性理论建立了在岩体按抗拉和抗剪强度准则基础上的岩溶隧道底板岩层的最小安全厚度的理论公式，为施工期岩溶隧道底板安全性评价提供了依据。     

Flexural fatigue behavior of butt-welded circular concrete-filled double skin steel tube (CFDST)：Experimental study and numerical modeling

Detailed understandings on the fatigue behavior of the concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDSTs) under multiaxial stress states are essential to promote their applications in marine structures. A systematical investigation consisting both the experimental study and the according numerical modeling has been conducted. Physical tests were carried out to investigate the flexural fatigue behavior of the butt-welded hollow steel tubes (HSTs), concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) and CFDSTs, in which the development of fatigue cracks and the fatigue life were captured. The feasibility of applying the existing S–N curves originally obtained from the HSTs to the constitutive steel tubes within the CFDSTs has been consequently verified. A two-stages simulation method was developed to analyze the full range development of fatigue cracks based on both the damage mechanics and the extended finite element method (XFEM). The influence of the multiaxial stress states on the fatigue behavior for the constitutive steel tubes was studied quantitatively, considering the offshore application scenarios where the steel tubes within the CFDSTs were subjected to larger external hydrostatic pressure or internal transmitted content pressure. The results show that the existence of the infilled concrete can effectively improve the fatigue behavior of the steel tubes. The life prediction models for both the fatigue crack initiation stage and propagation stage have been proposed, where the crack initiation life of the steel tube may reduce by 30% when its stress triaxiality increases from 0.36 to 0.48.     

超大跨径斜拉桥钢桥面板疲劳损伤监测与断裂力学研究

为研究超大跨径斜拉桥钢桥面板的疲劳损伤问题,本文以某斜拉桥为工程背景,对实桥进行了现场疲劳损伤监测与分析,并基于断裂力学的三维裂纹扩展模型,对钢箱梁顶板-U肋和横隔板-U肋等焊接细节进行了数值仿真与研究。结果表明：实桥顶板-U肋焊缝细节高应力幅(大于10MPa)循环次数与疲劳损伤度明显低于横隔板-U肋细节,横隔板-U肋焊缝最大应力幅达到75~90MPa,顶板-U肋焊缝最大应力幅为15~30MPa,横隔板-U肋焊缝细节处裂纹数量远大于顶板-U肋焊缝细节处裂纹数量;顶板-U肋焊缝裂纹在扩展过程中基本保持平面,裂纹扩展有先沿焊缝方向纵向扩展,再向深度方向扩展的趋势;横隔板-U肋焊缝焊趾处裂纹先沿初始裂纹深度方向在横隔板扩展,再向横隔板厚度方向扩展,焊趾处裂纹先向U肋厚度方向扩展,后沿初始裂纹长度方向顺桥向扩展;在初始裂纹尺寸与荷载条件相同的情况下,顶板-U肋焊缝焊趾处裂纹扩展速度大于焊根处裂纹扩展速度,横隔板-U肋焊缝焊趾处裂纹扩展速率大于横隔板焊趾处裂纹扩展速率。     

试论村民自治中党的领导

要化解“村治悖论”,必须打破传统党政关系的思维定势,跳出对“党的领导”狭隘理解的误区,这样才能使农村基层民主和村民自治走上健康发展的道路,充分发挥它稳定农村社会的功效。