Distribution of void fraction in bubbly flow through a horizontal channel: Bubbly boundary layer flow, 2nd report

A method of enveloping the hull with a sheet of microbubbles is discussed. It forms part of a study on means of reducing the skin friction acting on a ship's hull. In this report, a bubble traveling through a horizontal channel is regarded as a diffusive particle. Based on this assumption, an equation based on flow flux balance is derived for determining the void fraction in approximation. The equation thus derived is used for calculation, and the calculation results are compared with reported experimental data. The equation is further manipulated to make it compatible with a mixing length model that takes into account the presence of bubbles in the liquid stream. Among the factors contained in the equation thus derived, those affected by the presence of bubbles are the change of mixing length and the difference in the ratio of skin friction between cases with and without bubbles. These factors can be calculated using the mean void fraction in the boundary layer determined by the rate of air supply into the flow field. It is suggested that the ratio between boundary layer thickness and bubble diameter could constitute a significant parameter to replace the scale effect in estimating values applicable to actual ships from corresponding data obtained in model experiments.List of symbols a ₁ proportionality constant indicating directionality of turbulence - B law-of-the-wall constant - C _f local skin-friction coefficient in the presence of bubbles - C _f0 local skin-friction coefficient in the absence of bubbles - d _b bubble diameter (m) - g acceleration of gravity (m/s²) - j _g flow flux of gas phase accountable to buoyancy (m/s) - j _t flow flux of gas phase accountable to turbulence (m/s) - k ₄ constant relating reduction of liquid shear stress by bubble presence to decrease of force imparted to bubble by its displacement due to turbulence - l _b mixing length of gas phase (m) - l _m mixing length of liquid phase (m) - l _mb diminution of liquid phase mixing length by bubble presence (m) - Q _G rate of air supply to liquid stream (l/min) - q _/g velocity of bubble rise (m/s) - 2R height of horizontal channel (m) - T _* integral time scale (s) - U _m mean stream velocity in channel (m/s) - U friction velocity in channel (m/s) - V volume of a bubble (m³) - u, ¯ v time-averaged stream velocities inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - u, v turbulent velocity components inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - v root mean square of turbulence component in they-direction (m/s) - root mean square of bubble displacement iny-direction with reference to turbulent liquid phase velocity (m) - y displacement from ceiling (m) - local void fraction - _m mean void fraction in boundary layer - _m constant relating local void fraction to law-of-the-wall constant - _t reduction of turbulent stress (N/m²) - law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in absence of bubbles - ₁ law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in presence of bubbles - ₂ law-of-the-wall constant in gas phase - _m constant indicating representative turbulence scale (m) - viscosity (Pa × s) - v kinematic viscosity (m²/s) - density (kg/m³) Suffixes G gas - L liquid - 0 absence of bubbles     

海相软土地区铁路深长双向搅拌桩复合地基加固效果分析

针对18 m以上深长双向搅拌桩复合地基加固海相软土地区铁路路基的长期加固效果问题,依托新建青连铁路连盐试验段进行了现场试验研究。通过施工期的工艺优化和成桩质量控制,填筑期的荷载传递规律分析,以及贯穿施工期到运营期的长期沉降观测,验证了深长双向搅拌桩复合地基加固的长期可靠性。结果表明:干法和湿法双向搅拌桩加固苏北地区含水量在37%~55%之间的海相深厚软土地层具有可行性,试验桩长20 m范围内成桩质量良好;从施工期到运营期的路基沉降控制效果良好,满足规范对沉降的要求。试验研究成果拓展了双向搅拌桩的适用范围,在加固深度方面突破了现行规范规定的干法桩不宜大于15 m、湿法桩不宜大于18 m的限制,并且具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

正丁醇预混合气对轻型柴油机热效率和排放的影响

对1台轻型柴油机进气道进行改装,从而在进气道中形成均质丁醇预混合气。研究了在不同工况下正丁醇预混比对发动机指示热效率和排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机指示热效率呈现上升的趋势,转速为3 350r/min,平均指示压力为1MPa时指示热效率的提升率达到最大为4.3%;压力升高率过大,限制了在大负荷条件下使用更高的丁醇预混比例;随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机soot和NO_x排放明显改善,而CO和HC排放均随着丁醇预混比的增加而增大。     

三维移动式钢板高频感应加热成形电磁-热-力全耦合有限元建模研究

文章基于ANSYS-APDL语言,建立了三维移动式钢板高频感应加热成形电磁—热—力多物理场耦合有限元模型,并使用线圈单元选取法实现了感应线圈热源模型的移动。文中采用此模型研究了Q345钢板在不同加热功率下的变形情况,得到如下结论：钢板加热时受热不均匀,加热区上下表面温差很大最后阶段出现端部效应;随着加热功率的增大,钢板表面瞬时最高温度也增大;加热过程中钢板最大压应力出现在上表面加热区前端,最大拉应力出现在钢板上表面加热区的前方;冷却后钢板最大压应力出现在加热线末端,最大拉应力出现在加热线中段区域;开始时加热区上翘,已加热区冷却下凹,当热源接近末端时,已加热变形区上翘,钢板经过冷却后,整体下凹;随着加热功率的增大,加热区域Y方向变形 Uy越大,钢板弯曲角度线性增大,曲率半径先减小后趋于定值;改进后模型的模拟结果与相同实验参数下的实验结果基本吻合,与传统模拟方法相比更接近实验结果。     

平板喷气粘性流场数值计算方法研究

针对平板底部直接喷气形成气液混合流的复杂情况,采用Mixture模型与RANS方程相结合的方法建立了气液混合流粘性流场数值计算模型.通过对4种湍流模型、4种网格、3种壁面处理方法进行组合,形成了8种不同的数值计算方法,分析了壁面函数、壁面第1层网格、湍流模型等对数值计算结果的影响,并与试验结果进行对比,获得了可有效模拟气液混合流的数值模型.研究结果表明:采用RNG k-ε湍流模型、标准壁面函数、第1层网格1mm、y+为31～35的计算方案,所得结果可用于平底船底部气液混合流分析.     

美海军新型热管理控制系统及在现役航母上的应用

随着技术的不断发展,现代舰船的能量消耗越来越大,舰上的节能问题日益凸显。用于暖通制冷的能量在舰船总能量消耗中占据很大比例。舰上热管理系统可有效监控舱室温度和环境,并进行控制调节,对舰上节能有重要意义。本文介绍了美国“尼米兹”级航母引入的新型热管理控制系统,对其系统组成、功能实现及发展应用情况进行了详细分析,可为相关设计提供参考。     

采用弹性胀缩补偿件的烘干筒滚圈热应力计算

分析了采用弹性胀缩件的沥青混凝土搅拌机烘干筒滚圈内所产生的热应力分布规律,并且提出了这种情况下滚圈内热应力的计算方法。结果表明：设计时在烘干简体和滚圈之间设置胀缩补偿元件,可改善滚圈受力均匀性,也可以使烘干筒受力均匀。     

就地冷再生设备配置及工程运用

通过工程应用实例,介绍了中国进口的就地冷再生设备分布情况、成套设备的配置,说明了再生粘结剂掺量的确定方法、就地冷再生的施工过程及工艺。实践证明：采用泡沫沥青再生后的柔性路面具有更长的使用寿命和更好的使用性能。     

提高间歇式沥青混合料搅拌设备计量精度的方法

介绍了沥青混合料搅拌设备计量系统的工作原理,对热骨料计量系统、沥青计量系统、粉料计量系统和计量控制系统的组成及结构等进行了系统研究,从理论和实践上全面阐述了影响沥青混合料搅拌设备计量精度的因素及其相应的解决办法,为生产出高质量的沥青混合料提供了可借鉴的经验.     

Swimming for survival: A role of phytoplankton motility in a stratified turbulent environment

We investigate a role for vertical migration in stratified coastal water, where the swimming speed is generally significantly less than the typical turbulent fluctuations in a tidally-mixed bottom layer. In our modelling approach we use a k- turbulence model to describe the physical forcing, a Lagrangian random walk model to describe the vertical displacement of individual cells in response to turbulence and due to cell motility, and a phytoplankton growth model to direct the swimming behaviour of the phytoplankton according to their light and nutrient requirements. The model results show how the cells form a stable subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) at the base of the thermocline where episodic tidal turbulence causes erosion of part of the SCM biomass into the bottom mixed layer (BML). We then focus on the question of whether an ability to swim (weakly, compared to typical bottom layer turbulent intensities) provides any advantage by allowing return to the SCM. Our results show that tidal turbulence in the BML helps both motile and neutrally-buoyant cells by periodically pushing them into the base of the thermocline. Motile cells then have the advantage that they can swim further into the thermocline towards higher light which also reduces the likelihood of being re-mixed back into the BML.