基于时刻表的公交网络随机用户均衡配流算法研究

提高公共交通规划管理及信息化水平,需要制定科学的公交规划管理策略,公交客流分配是公交规划与管理的核心内容之一。为促进公交配流理论研究,提高公交客流分配结果科学性,分析了国内外公交配流研究现状,对于城市广义公交网络,结合公交时刻表,定义了公交连接、连接片段以及吸引连接集合,建立了容量限制下基于时刻表的公交网络随机用户均衡配流算法（VRT-SUE）,对算法原理和求解步骤进行了探讨。构建实例公交网络进行分析测试,配流结果显示该模型能够很好的反映出出发时间、到达时间、换乘次数及费用等对乘客公交出行的影响,算法是合理和有效的。     

Optimizing the demand captured by a railway system with a regular timetable

The railway systems in various European countries adopt regular timetables, in which the trains arrive and depart at constant intervals. In fact, their simple structure provides several advantages both to the passengers and to the management of the service. The design of such timetables has recently received a certain attention in the literature, but the standard model aims to optimize the service for a fixed demand. We relax this unrealistic assumption, taking into account the reciprocal influence between the quality of the timetable and the amount of transport demand captured by the railway. This results into a mixed-integer non linear model with a non-convex continuous relaxation. We solve it by a branch-and-bound algorithm based on a piecewise-linear overestimate of the objective function and a heuristic algorithm which iteratively applies the standard fixed-demand model and a demand-estimation model, feeding each one with data based on the solution obtained from the other one at the previous iteration. The computational results presented concern both random instances and a real-world regional network located in Northwestern Italy.     

高速列车运行调整与运行控制一体化双目标优化模型与算法

列车实时运行调整与运行控制是实现高速列车准点节能运行的两个重要方面.本文构建高速列车运行调整与运行控制一体化优化模型，以降低列车总延误时间与运行能耗为目标，同时优化列车速度距离与时间距离曲线.与以往研究将列车运行调整与运行控制独立优化不同，本文基于列车牵引计算，通过锁闭时间理论将列车运行调整与控制的解空间进行耦合，根据列车运行速度、制动性能、信号系统的清空与开放时间、轨道区段/闭塞分区的长度等因素，精细化计算列车占用不同轨道区段/闭塞分区的时间，动态确定列车区间运行时分与追踪间隔.为求解复杂的非线性模型，设计分段近似法将非线性约束进行重构，从而将非线性优化模型转变为混合整数规划模型.通过算例计算，给出双目标问题的帕累托解集，与单目标优化方法对比，本文方法可以减少总能耗2.46%，降低运行总延误7.33%.     

Passenger Perspectives in Railway Timetabling: A Literature Review

When looking at railway planning, a discrepancy exists between planners who focus on the train operations and publish fixed railway schedules, and passengers who look not only at the schedules but also at the entirety of their trip, from access to waiting to on-board travel and egress. Looking into this discrepancy is essential, as assessing railway performances by merely measuring train punctuality would provide an unfair picture of the level of service experienced by passengers. Firstly, passengers’ delays are often significantly larger than the train delays responsible for the passengers to be late. Secondly, trains’ punctuality is often strictly related to too tight schedules that in turn might translate into knock-on delays for longer dwelling times at stations, trip delays for increased risk of missing transfer connections, and uncertain assessment of the level of service experienced, especially with fluctuating passenger demand. A key aspect is the robustness of railway timetables. Empirical evidence indicates that passengers give more importance to travel time certainty than travel time reductions, as passengers associate an inherent disutility with travel time uncertainty. This disutility may be broadly interpreted as an anxiety cost for the need for having contingency plans in case of disruptions, and may be looked at as the motivator for the need for delay-robust railway timetables. Interestingly, passenger-oriented optimisation studies considering robustness in railway planning typically limit their emphasis on passengers to the consideration of transfer maintenance. Clearly, passengers’ travel behaviour is far more complex and multi-faceted and thus several other aspects should be considered, as becoming more and more evident from passenger surveys. The current literature review starts by looking at the parameters that railway optimisation/planning studies are focused on and the key performance indicators that impact railway planning. The attention then turns to the parameters influencing passengers’ perceptions and travel experiences. Finally, the review proposes guidelines on how to reduce the gap between the operators’ railway planning and performance measurement on the one hand and the passengers’ perception of the railway performance on the other hand. Thereby, the conclusions create a foundation for a more passenger-oriented railway timetabling ensuring that passengers are provided with the best service possible with the resources available.     

绿色通航视域下过坝船舶预约调度双目标优化研究

针对船舶到达不均衡和供需时空不匹配导致的水利枢纽通航拥堵问题,建立过坝船舶预约的双目标决策模型,优化船舶平均等待时间和到达调整率,探讨两者之间的权衡关系;进一步考虑船舶的失约情形,设计过坝预约的重调度规则。然后,利用非支配排序遗传算法的gamultiobj函数求解模型,并探讨预约机制实施前后的碳减排效果。最后,以三峡枢纽为例,验证模型的有效性。结果表明：该模型在平均等待时间和到达调整率的权衡中,得到了多样化的预约调度方案,并通过合理分配预约份额,有序管理船舶到达。同时,与原调度方案相比,理想和失约情形下的预约调度方案,可分别带来27.51 t和20.04 t的最大碳减排量;且重调度策略使到达调整率的均值降低了2.7%,减少了失约的干扰影响。     

高速列车运行调整与运行控制一体化双目标优化模型与算法

列车实时运行调整与运行控制是实现高速列车准点节能运行的两个重要方面.本文构建高速列车运行调整与运行控制一体化优化模型,以降低列车总延误时间与运行能耗为目标,同时优化列车速度距离与时间距离曲线.与以往研究将列车运行调整与运行控制独立优化不同,本文基于列车牵引计算,通过锁闭时间理论将列车运行调整与控制的解空间进行耦合,根据列车运行速度、制动性能、信号系统的清空与开放时间、轨道区段/闭塞分区的长度等因素,精细化计算列车占用不同轨道区段/闭塞分区的时间,动态确定列车区间运行时分与追踪间隔.为求解复杂的非线性模型,设计分段近似法将非线性约束进行重构,从而将非线性优化模型转变为混合整数规划模型.通过算例计算,给出双目标问题的帕累托解集,与单目标优化方法对比,本文方法可以减少总能耗2.46%,降低运行总延误7.33%.     

考虑弹性需求的城市枢纽间多方式时刻表优化

针对城市客运枢纽间综合运输通道协同性欠缺、运输效率低等问题,提出考虑弹性需求的城市客运枢纽间多方式时刻表协同优化方法。基于多项Logit模型对枢纽间乘客出行方式选择行为进行建模,分析各方式时刻表变动对出行需求的影响;以乘客等待总时间,时刻调整总数量,时刻调整总时间最小为优化目标,考虑弹性需求、时间窗、容量限制等约束,构建枢纽间多方式时刻表协同优化模型,并基于非支配排序遗传算法,结合客流加载仿真过程设计模型求解算法;最 后,以“北京南站-北京首都国际机场”多方式通道为例检验模型的有效性。结果表明,时刻表优化方案的实施使各方式产生了较为明显的需求弹性变化效果,模型求解得到10种时刻表优化方案,其评价结果整体优于传统模型,最终筛选方案可缩短乘客等待时间10.36%。     

考虑客流时变需求的大小交路列车时刻表优化模型

以城市轨道交通放射线为研究对象,考虑客流时变需求和高峰期乘客滞留现象,以乘客等待时间、列车运行时间和车辆走行公里最小为目标,以发车间隔、列车满载率及其均衡性、发车比例为约束,构建了城市轨道交通大小交路列车时刻表优化模型.运用离散事件系统建模方法,建立基于乘客活动和列车运行过程的动态仿真模型,并将其与遗传算法相结合,提出了计算机仿真的遗传算法进行求解.算例结果表明,优化后的时刻表可以使运力与客流需求更加匹配,有效降低了高峰期乘客拥挤程度,并提高了各次列车满载率的均衡性.在企业运营成本相等的情况下,优化后的乘客等待时间减少了1 266.2 h,降幅达16.5%.     

Hybrid cyclicity: Combining the benefits of cyclic and non-cyclic timetables

We propose a new type of timetable that would combine both the regularity of the cyclic timetables and the flexibility of the non-cyclic ones. In order to do so, several combinations of the two timetables are considered. The regularity is incorporated in their design and the flexibility is evaluated using the passenger satisfaction (in monetary units). Each of the tested timetables is constructed using the Passenger Centric Train Timetabling Problem (PCTTP), that is solved using a simulated annealing heuristic. Note that the PCTTP, unlike the traditional Train Timetabling Problem (TTP), does not take into account the conflicts among trains. The aim of the PCTTP is to design such timetables that the passengers’ satisfaction is maximized and it remains the aim of the TTP to remove any potential conflicts. The performance of each of the considered timetables is assessed on the real network of Israeli Railways. The results of the case study show that our proposed hybrid cyclic timetable can provide the benefits of the cyclic and the non-cyclic timetable simultaneously. This timetable consists of 75% of cyclic trains (securing the regularity of the service) and of 25% of non-cyclic trains (deployed as supplementary trains during the peak hours and capturing the demand fluctuation). The level of the passenger satisfaction of the hybrid cyclic timetable is similar to the level of the non-cyclic one, which has about 18.5% of improvement as compared to the purely cyclic one.     

基于时间匹配度的城市轨道交通乘客乘车方案辨识研究

城市轨道交通乘客乘车方案是指乘客在出行过程中先后登乘的列车以及相应的乘降车站按照时间顺序排列的集合。在乘客旅行时间划分和基于“二阶段法”的乘客可行乘车方案搜索研究的基础上,提出利用AFC数据和列车时刻表进行乘客乘车方案辨识的方法。首先定义旅行时间匹配度,并在构建随机时间分布的基础上提出随机时间匹配度,在此基础上建立乘车方案的时间匹配度指标;然后利用时间匹配度,提出基于列车容量限制的乘客乘车方案的辨识方法;最后介绍该方法在某市轨道交通系统中的应用。提出的辨识方法利用大量轨道交通数据,对城市轨道交通的运营具有一定的价值和意义。