Spatial impacts of road pricing: Accessibility, regional spillovers and territorial cohesion

Road pricing policies are gaining prominence in EU countries. These policies have positive impacts leading to mobility patterns which are socially and environmentally more desirable, but they also have negative impacts. One negative impact is to be found in regional accessibility, due to the increase in generalized transport costs. This study presents a methodology based on accessibility indicators and GIS to assess the accessibility impacts of a road pricing policy. The methodology was tested for the Spain’s road network considering two road pricing scenarios. It enables not only the more penalized regions to be identified but also negative road pricing spillover effects between regions. These effects are measured in terms of accessibility changes occurring in one region produced by charges implemented in another region. Finally, the study of accessibility disparities (by calculating inequality indexes for each of the scenarios considered), provides policymakers with useful information regarding the impact of road pricing policies from the point of view of territorial cohesion.     

不同类型交通需求管理实践与探索——以深圳市为例

交通需求管理是大城市交通政策的重要组成部分,提出了基于实施难易影响因素的交通需求管理措施分类,总结了深圳从20世纪90年代中期开始相继实施的一系列相对较易实施的交通需求管理措施情况,分析展望需进一步考虑的交通需求管理措施。针对交通拥挤收费这一较难及重大的需求管理措施,回顾了深圳探索性研究拥挤收费方案,包括交通拥挤收费总体调控目标、收费区域范围、收费模式与时段、收费系统技术选型等,分析了实施面临的困难,并提出了实施突破与替代的建议。     

随机利率下的外汇欧式期权定价

在随机利率情况下,利用鞅方法研究了外汇欧式期权的定价问题,得到了欧式期权(看涨和看跌)价格的解析表达式,及其评价关系.文中考虑了期权的对冲问题及本国和外国利率波动的非零相关性,本国和外国利率波动对汇率波动的影响.     

基于800/900MHz频段的组合式电子收费车道设计

根据目前国内高速公路联网收费实际和技术条件,结合重庆市电子车牌项目作为省级区域国家级信息化试点的要求,提出了将基于800/900 MHz频段的组合式电子收费车道作为ETC(Electronic Toll Collection,电子不停车收费)快速通行手段的设计方案。该方案与目前MTC(Manual Toll Collection,人工半自动收费)的技术条件和实际环境兼容,并且投资成本低,具有较高的实用性和可操作性。     

基于累积前景理论的城际列车分时定价研究

城际客流具有时段分布不均衡特点,表现为高峰时段一票难求而低峰时段客座率低。为均衡客流、提高城际高铁收益,选取客运通道内不同时段车次进行差别定价。考虑旅客选择行为的差异性和有限理性,采用潜在类别分析对旅客进行分类,选取票价和时段价值两个影响因素, 建立双参照点的旅客平行车次产品效用模型,以累积前景值刻画异质旅客对平行车次的出行效用。基于累积前景值构建以铁路企业收益最大,旅客广义出行费用最小的分时定价双层规划模型,设计基于灵敏度分析的启发式算法求解。最后以南宁-北海为例对高峰、非高峰时段平行列车进行实例分析,结果表明,本文提出的分时定价方法能提升收益约2.5%,且高峰、非高峰时段的客流更加均衡。     

Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the impacts of San Francisco’s parking pricing experiment

The city of San Francisco is undertaking a large-scale controlled parking pricing experiment. San Francisco has adopted a performance goal of 60–80% occupancy for its metered parking. The goal represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience; it follows a wave of academic and policy literature that calls for adjusting on-street parking prices to achieve similar occupancy targets. In this paper, we evaluate the relationship between occupancy rules and metrics of direct policy interest, such as the probability of finding a parking space and the amount of cruising. We show how cruising and arrival rates can be simulated or estimated from hourly occupancy data. Further, we evaluate the impacts of the first two years of the San Francisco program, and conclude that rate changes have helped achieve the City’s occupancy goal and reduced cruising by 50%.     

The impact of a congestion pricing exemption on the demand for new energy efficient vehicles in Stockholm

As governments seek to transition to more efficient vehicle fleets, one strategy has been to incentivize ‘green’ vehicle choice by exempting some of these vehicles from road user charges. As an example, to stimulate sales of energy efficient vehicles (EEVs) in Sweden, some of these automobiles were exempted from Stockholm’s congestion tax. In this paper the effect this policy had on the demand for new, privately-owned, exempt EEVs is assessed by first estimating a model of vehicle choice and then by applying this model to simulate vehicle alternative market shares under different policy scenarios. The database used to calibrate the model includes owner-specific demographics merged with vehicle registry data for all new private vehicles registered in Stockholm County during 2008. Characteristics of individuals with a higher propensity to purchase an exempt EEV were identified. The most significant factors included intra-cordon residency (positive), distance from home to the CBD (negative), and commuting across the cordon (positive). By calculating vehicle shares from the vehicle choice model and then comparing these estimates to a simulated scenario where the congestion tax exemption was inactive, the exemption was estimated to have substantially increased the share of newly purchased, private, exempt EEVs in Stockholm by 1.8% (±0.3%; 95% C.I.) to a total share of 18.8%. This amounts to an estimated 10.7% increase in private, exempt EEV purchases during 2008, i.e., 519 privately owned, exempt EEVs.     

基于进化博弈的城市中心区交通拥堵收费分析

交通拥堵收费是解决道路拥堵问题的有效措施。假设使用小汽车到达拥挤收费区域边界的出行者可通过2种方式到达拥挤收费中心区：小汽车直达及停车换乘公共交通（P＆R）。对于出行者甲（对小汽车出行需求偏刚性）、乙（对小汽车出行需求偏弹性）,采用进化博弈的方法,建立效益矩阵,分析在不同政府定价条件下两者出行方式选择行为的演化模型。结果表明,政府交通拥堵收费对出行者出行方式选择行为的演化起着重要作用,不同的定价区间会使得出行方式向不同的稳定状态演变。分析各种定价区间下出行者出行方式选择行为。     

Using the revenues from congestion pricing

The economic theory behind congestion pricing relies on using the revenues to help compensate highway users. But can practical methods of using revenues come close to achieving this compensation, and still have salient appeal to important political groups? This paper investigates the possibilities for designing a package of revenue uses that can achieve these twin goals. The suggested approach returns two-thirds of the revenues to travelers through travel allowances and tax reductions, and uses the rest to improve transportation throughout the area, including affected business centers. By replacing regressive sales and fuel taxes, this approach offsets the tendency of the prices alone to have a regressive distributional impact. By lowering taxes, funding new highways, improving transit, and upgrading business centers, the package provides inducements for support from several key interest groups. The potential amounts of money involved are discussed using nationwide data, and in more detail using a case study of ubiquitous facility pricing throughout the Los Angeles region. Illustrative calculations of the effects on various individuals confirm that such a package can create net benefits for a wide spectrum of people and interest groups.     

公路工程项目最低评标价法

介绍了公路工程项目招投标中最低评标价法的概念，对最低评标价法的应用范围，应用最低评标价法时履约担保中的现金担保是否应该提交，以及现金担保应该由谁来保管等问题进行了探讨。