Policy innovations of the US intermodal surface transportation efficiency act and clean air act amendments

In combination, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are innovative and aggressive efforts to move US cities toward integrated transportation and air quality planning. Under these complementary laws, air quality has become a major national transportation goal. In areas with serious air pollution, air quality will be a major consideration in determining the future shape of urban transportation.This paper considers how the CAAA and ISTEA combine to provide an innovative national policy approach of interest to countries seeking to encourage sustainable development in urban centers. The CAAA mandates measurable and enforceable air quality targets. Nation-wide standards are set for acceptable levels of carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, and small particulates. ISTEA includes directions for transportation planners and decision-makers to follow to reach air quality and other goals — transportation planning must emphasize system efficiency, and for cities with severe air pollution, transportation projects are expected to contribute to cleaner air. Each urban area has flexibility in how it applies this framework to reflect its priorities and solve its problems. Strict federal sanctions provide incentives for compliance with both laws.Enactment of these laws has produced a period of transition and uncertainty as well as of challenge and opportunity for planners and elected officials. The next several years, the US will provide one national laboratory and over 100 different urban laboratories for innovative approaches to integrate transportation and environmental policies to resolve major urban problems.Abbreviations CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 - CO Carbon monoxide - ECO Employee Commute Option - EPA US Environmental Protection Agency - HC Transportation hydrocarbons - I/M Inspections and maintenance program - ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 - MPO Metropolitan planning organizations - NO_x Nitrogen oxides - PPM Parts per million - PM₁₀ Small particulate matter - SIP State Implementation Plan - TIP Transportation Improvement Program - TCM Transportation control measures - VMT Vehicle miles traveled     

Linking land use and transportation in a rapidly urbanizing context: A study in Delhi,India

Cities in developing countries like India are facing some of the same concerns that North American cities are: congestion and urban growth. However, there is a sense of urgency in cities like Delhi, India in that this growth is far more rapid as both urbanization and motorization are ongoing processes that have not yet peaked. In this paper, we examine land use change and its relationship with transportation infrastructure and other planning related variables in a spatial context. We estimate land use change models at two different scales from separate data. Cellular automation and Markov models were used to understand change at the regional scale and discrete choice models to predict change at the local level. The results suggest that land use in the Delhi metropolitan area is rapidly intensifying while losing variety. These changes are affected by industrial, commercial and infrastructure location and planners and policy-makers need to better understand the implications of location decisions. We also examine these results in the context of a policy framework for data-based planning that links land use and transportation models for Delhi.     

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交叉口是城市交通路网中的基本单元,在考虑应急疏散路线中的延误问题时,交叉口的信号灯造成的延误是不可忽略的因素. 由于信号控制交叉口包含具有指定持续时间的一系列时间窗,导致不同的疏散开始时刻对应着不同的交叉口延误,从而有不同的疏散优化路线. 考虑交叉口信号灯延误和通行能力,通过寻找网络的最小费用流来优化事故地点至目的地的最佳疏散路线及相应的疏散流量,设计了一种复合标号算法求解网络的最小费用流. 最后以数值算例说明了算法的有效性,并对不同疏散开始时刻得出的疏散路线进行了对比. 结果表明该方法能很好地兼顾疏散时刻和疏散路线优化的要求.     

农村牧区推行客运公交化运营模式的探索与思考

农村牧区客运需求逐年增加,客运量增大,客运市场结构发生变化,因此,农村牧区客运运营模式要适应客运市场的发展变化。文章以内蒙古赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗农村牧区客运运营模式的转变为例,探索、阐述了农村牧区客运公交化运营的可行性及必要性。     

铁路客运专线深厚黄土路基工后沉降数值计算模拟

客运专线因其实行客货分运而具有快速、安全的特点,越来越成为国内旅客运输的重要方式。为保证客运专线开通后按照设计速度运营后列车的安全性、平稳性和旅客的舒适性,对线路基础的工后沉降提出了更加严格的控制标准。因此有必要系统性地对客运专线路基的工后沉降进行理论上的研究。该文从客运专线铁路工程建设的应用实际出发,应用数值仿真模拟的方法,对黄土地区客运专线路基工后沉降进行研究探讨。为今后客运专线或高速铁路的设计提供有用的参数或经验。     

跨江大桥危化品运输风险及预防机制研究

目前大部分处于运营期的国内跨江大桥,在危化品运输车辆通行安全方面存在一定隐患,一旦危化品运输车辆发生事故,就有可能直接导致生命、财产损失,对跨江大桥造成一定的伤害。该文通过对跨江大桥危化品运输风险进行测算,明确其发生概率及事故严重后果,提出在桥梁设计阶段和运营期间一系列预防预警措施,如强化重点结构部位的监控预警、在设计阶段进行安全风险评估、对危化品车辆适时限行等,以期进一步降低跨江大桥危化品运输风险,提高危化品运输车辆通行效率。     

基于交通仿真的低碳交通策略评价方法研究

研究了交通领域低碳策略的分类,构建了不同层次交通仿真模型与低碳交通策略评价的对应关系,提出了交通仿真技术在低碳交通策略方案评价中的应用步骤。结合交通仿真模型输出数据特点、低碳策略评价的侧重点,选取碳排放量和机动车污染物排放量作为低碳策略评价的主要指标。在此基础上,以秦皇岛2020年规划路网为分析对象,开展了不同出行方式比例下低碳类指标的对比分析研究,以说明基于交通仿真的低碳交通策略评价方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于数理统计的区域公路旅客运输调查指标重要性排序

针对我国公路运输量调查统计指标单一的现状,采用数理统计方法对调查数据服务主体的需求情况进行定量分析.从实物量指标、价值量指标、运输效率指标以及燃油消耗指标4方面提出区域公路旅客运输调查指标体系的主体框架;通过分析需求调查的有效样本,建立区域公路旅客运输调查指标重要性排序的数理统计模型;基于数理统计方法对公路运输量调查指标进行排序.研究结果表明,需求调查结果可靠,不同用户对区域公路旅客运输统计指标需求强烈.     

交通运输方式选择多属性决策的信息公理方法

基于信息公理的多属性决策方法为旅客的出行方式选择提供了一种有效工具。通过分析旅客出行行为特性的影响因素,确定出旅客出行方式选择的评价指标。利用成功概率计算出每种方案所包含的信息量,信息量最小的方案为最佳方案。由于避免了权重分配所带来的人为影响以及量纲不统一等问题,使得评价结果更趋合理,评价过程计算简单易于实现。     

气力输送设备管道中物料的速度特性研究

针对气力输送中物料在水平和垂直管道中的运动特性,建立了颗粒群在管道中的运动微分方程,并将该微分方程导入Matlab进行求解.通过分析颗粒群在不同管道阻力系数和不同初始条件下的速度特性曲线,得出气力输送中管道内颗粒群在加速段的速度特性.结果表明:阻力系数的大小影响颗粒群在管道中的最终恒定运动速度;不同初始速度影响颗粒群在管道中的加速(减速)运动时间;颗粒群在加速段运动时,垂直管道中所消耗的能量大于水平管道.