如何降低公路项目施工材料的成本

由材料成本的核算导出降低材料成本的两项措施即减少材料消耗量和降低材料单价。     

抗冰海洋平台的全寿命优化设计I-理论与模型

文章基于投资—效益准则,建立了抗冰平台全寿命总费用最小的优化设计模型;考虑了多种类型的性能要求(结构、设备、人员),并建立了相关判据;提出了包括结构的初始费用、维修费用和期望损失费用的冰区海洋平台全寿命总费用评估模型;提出了平台结构主要功能的确定及描述方法、相应的功能失效损失值估计模型。     

基于组织结构的公路造价审查组织方法的探讨

造价审查工作是目前公路造价管理部门主要职责之一，造价审查工作的组织方式、组织结构应如何设置是造价审查首先要解决的问题。文中应用科学管理理论的原理对造价审查的组织方式、组织结构进行了探讨。首先对造价审查工作两阶段的内容、特点和关系进行对比分析，然后基于组织方式的三个基本模式，研究造价审查采用直线式职能制式、项目矩阵式、事业部制式这三种组织方式的优缺点和适用条件．通过广东省交通工程造价管理站的实践，表明综合的组织模式可以解决直线式职能制式不足．也更适合造价审查技术力量较强的组织机构。     

QS体系的诠释与启发

本文通过介绍香港工料测量师提供的咨询服务的工作内容,同时根据他们QS的一些传统做法,对二公司的"QS管理"体系的调整提供一些思路。     

Bus congestion, optimal infrastructure investment and the choice of a fare collection system in dedicated bus corridors

Microeconomic optimisation of scheduled public transport operations has traditionally focused on finding optimal values for the frequency of service, capacity of vehicles, number of lines and distance between stops. In addition, however, there exist other elements in the system that present a trade-off between the interests of users and operators that have not received attention in the literature, such as the optimal selection of a fare payment system and a designed running speed (i.e., the cruising speed that buses maintain in between two consecutive stops). Alternative fare payment methods (e.g., on-board and off-board, payment by cash, magnetic strip or smart card) have different boarding times and capital costs, with the more efficient systems such as a contactless smart card imposing higher amounts of capital investment. Based on empirical data from several Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world, we also find that there is a positive relationship between infrastructure cost per kilometre and commercial speed (including stops), achieved by the buses, which we further postulate as a linear relationship between infrastructure investment and running speed. Given this context, we develop a microeconomic model for the operation of a bus corridor that minimises total cost (users and operator) and has five decision variables: frequency, capacity of vehicles, station spacing, fare payment system and running speed, thus extending the traditional framework. Congestion, induced by bus frequency, plays an important role in the design of the system, as queues develop behind high demand bus stops when the frequency is high. We show that (i) an off-board fare payment system is the most cost effective in the majority of circumstances; (ii) bus congestion results in decreased frequency while fare and bus capacity increase, and (iii) the optimal running speed grows with the logarithm of demand.     

Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.     

有限经济批量和库存的模拟退火算法

研究在一个简单供应链中的生产批量和配送计划问题。解决在供应链中减少单位时间库存、设备和运输的平均成本生产批量及运送计划。假设所有影响因素如产品需求率都已限定在有限的计划范围内,利用模拟退火算法具有的较强局部搜索能力特性弥补传统算法的不足,计算结果表明SA算法能够找到问题的最优解或近似最优解,是解决该问题的有效方法。     

港口工程大跨度钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的施工方案与造价分析

结合两座钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的具体情况,根据不同施工方案,剖析钢管混凝土系杆拱桥造价文件编制方法,对定额的取用和注意事项进行了有益的探索,得到较为切合实际的造价结果,为工程建设的实施务实了基础,供编制类似的钢管混凝土系杆拱桥造价时参考.     

中储粮日照粮库工程实施阶段的成本控制

在国有资产投资的基础建设项目中实行成本管理和成本控制,是国有资产投资管理体制改革的要求,也是避免在传统投资体制下普遍存在的＂概算超估算、预算超概算和结算超预算＂问题的关键。结合中储粮日照粮库工程实践,重点介绍项目实施阶段成本构成的各项要素、分析各种因素对成本的影响以及为杜绝项目实施中的损失浪费现象而采取的多项成本管理和控制措施。     

山区高速公路特大桥梁设计阶段造价控制分析

吉茶高速公路是典型的山区高速公路,沿线地质、地形条件复杂,其关键控制性工程矮寨大桥是目前峡谷跨度世界第一的悬索桥,工程概算占总投资的18%。由此可见,山区高速公路特大桥梁的造价控制对控制整条高速公路的造价影响重大。