个人快速交通技术发展现状与应用展望

个人快速交通将进入商业化运营.对个人快速交通的发展历程、类型与技术经济特征进行了较为系统的论述.依据其目前实施情况,给出了可能的应用方向.个人快速交通较适合在下列场合使用:特定场所(如机场、高档开发区等),都市繁华区域短距离联系,市郊有较高活力的区域.为我国城市交通选型提供借鉴.     

北京市政公交一卡通使用现状及改进策略研究

本文分析了北京市政公交一卡通使用过程中的优越性和存在的问题;介绍了上海、香港使用一卡通的成功之处;结合北京市的市情和交通现状,针对北京市公交一卡通存在的问题,提出了培养市民刷卡文化、完善管理制度、强化售后服务、优化公交站台和线路设置、实现一卡互通、异地互联互通等建议.     

公共交通客运枢纽设计评价方法

公交客运枢纽是城市一体化交通系统的关键环节,目前国内在枢纽的设计和建设方面还存在诸多不足,科学合理地对枢纽设计方案进行评价显得尤为重要.本文从分析公交客运枢纽的设计原则和流程入手,讨论了公交客运枢纽设计方案的综合评价指标体系的确立,以及相关指标的量化,最后讨论采用灰色关联度的方法对方案进行评价.     

高墩大跨连续刚构桥最大悬臂阶段风致响应及其对施工人员的影响

以某高墩大跨连续刚构桥为工程背景进行了空间有限元分析,采用静力分析方法,分别计算了阵风作用下最大双悬臂施工状态下高墩桥梁和跨度相近的低墩桥梁的结构内力,并探讨了其墩底内力特点;采用时域分析方法,计算了桥梁最大双悬臂施工状态下结构的抖振响应,通过进行舒适度分析,讨论了桥梁抖振响应对施工人员安全的影响。研究结果表明:高墩刚构桥墩底的横桥向弯矩由主梁上风荷载对称加载方式决定,而低墩刚构桥则由非对称方式决定;最大双悬臂状态在抖振作用下的Diekemann舒适度指标值很小,对施工人员的工作影响不大。     

混合对转推进系统设计与实船应用研究

为全面深入了解混合对转推进系统实船安装对船舶性能影响,为数值仿真和性能预报提供实船参考数据,以集装箱运输船为应用对象,提出了一种把吊舱推进器集成在挂舵臂上的混合对转推进系统(CRP-POD),详细阐述了CRP-POD的系统构成、工作模式和电气控制系统实船设计方案。通过实船试验和运行数据分析,安装混合对转推进系统的船舶与同系列安装常规推进系统的船舶相比,特定航行工况下航速有2~3%的提升、回转能力有所降低、航向稳定性上优于常规船。     

果汁运输改装船关键工程控制方案研究

果汁运输船是将新鲜果汁从产地输送至需求地的主要海上远程运输工具,是解决果汁长时间存放、运输的有效载体。由于集装箱船、果汁运输船两型船舶船体结构特点类似,因此把集装船改装为果汁运输船,其改装成本远低于新造果汁运输船。文章研究集装箱船改装为果汁运输船的关键工程控制方案,探索改装技术思路,为类似改装工程提供借鉴。     

Exploring the issue of integrating logistics and traffic control in urban areas

This paper proposes an optimization framework for urban transportation networks’ (re-)design which explicitly takes into account the specific decision-making processes of ordinary users and logistic operators. Ordinary users are typically commuters whose travels consist of well-defined pairs of origin and destination points, while logistic operators make deliveries at multiple locations. Obviously, these two user classes have different objectives and scopes of action. These differences are seldom considered in traffic research since most models aggregate the flow demand in OD matrices and use assignment models to predict the response of all users as if the dynamics of their optimization processes were of the same nature. This work demonstrates that better results can be achieved if the particular features of each user class are included in the models. It potentially improves the estimation of the responses and allows managers to shape their control measures to address specific user needs.     

A new generalized travel cost based connectivity metric applied to Scandinavian airports

This article proposes a new, generalized travel cost based method to operationalize network accessibility provided by airports. The approach is novel as it integrates features of network topology with multiple quality aspects of scheduled air transport services into one metric. The method estimates generalized travel costs for the full set of feasible travel paths between an airport and all network destinations. Rooftop modeling accounts for schedule delay and isolates the most cost-efficient travel paths per O-D relation. Respecting the assumed arrival time preference of passengers and adjusting for destination importance, connectivity scores are derived. The method is then applied to explore changes in the global connectivity pattern of Scandinavian airports from 2004 to 2018. The results suggest distinct spatial differences throughout the network, but less pronounced in size than suggested by popularly applied connectivity measures. Findings also highlight the importance of the geographical location as a determinate of an airport’s connectivity.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.