北京市政公交一卡通使用现状及改进策略研究

本文分析了北京市政公交一卡通使用过程中的优越性和存在的问题;介绍了上海、香港使用一卡通的成功之处;结合北京市的市情和交通现状,针对北京市公交一卡通存在的问题,提出了培养市民刷卡文化、完善管理制度、强化售后服务、优化公交站台和线路设置、实现一卡互通、异地互联互通等建议.     

公共交通客运枢纽设计评价方法

公交客运枢纽是城市一体化交通系统的关键环节,目前国内在枢纽的设计和建设方面还存在诸多不足,科学合理地对枢纽设计方案进行评价显得尤为重要.本文从分析公交客运枢纽的设计原则和流程入手,讨论了公交客运枢纽设计方案的综合评价指标体系的确立,以及相关指标的量化,最后讨论采用灰色关联度的方法对方案进行评价.     

高黏改性剂与基质沥青配伍性研究

为了在有限样本条件下得到高黏改性剂优选基质沥青的控制指标,对境内外2种高黏改性剂与4种常用基质沥青进行配伍性试验,并以针入度、软化点、低温延度、60℃动力黏度及170℃布氏黏度为控制指标,从而得出配伍性最佳的基质沥青,然后分别对每种基质沥青进行针入度、软化点、延度等全套常规性能试验和不同老化程度的温度扫描、频率扫描等流...     

Exploring the issue of integrating logistics and traffic control in urban areas

This paper proposes an optimization framework for urban transportation networks’ (re-)design which explicitly takes into account the specific decision-making processes of ordinary users and logistic operators. Ordinary users are typically commuters whose travels consist of well-defined pairs of origin and destination points, while logistic operators make deliveries at multiple locations. Obviously, these two user classes have different objectives and scopes of action. These differences are seldom considered in traffic research since most models aggregate the flow demand in OD matrices and use assignment models to predict the response of all users as if the dynamics of their optimization processes were of the same nature. This work demonstrates that better results can be achieved if the particular features of each user class are included in the models. It potentially improves the estimation of the responses and allows managers to shape their control measures to address specific user needs.     

A new generalized travel cost based connectivity metric applied to Scandinavian airports

This article proposes a new, generalized travel cost based method to operationalize network accessibility provided by airports. The approach is novel as it integrates features of network topology with multiple quality aspects of scheduled air transport services into one metric. The method estimates generalized travel costs for the full set of feasible travel paths between an airport and all network destinations. Rooftop modeling accounts for schedule delay and isolates the most cost-efficient travel paths per O-D relation. Respecting the assumed arrival time preference of passengers and adjusting for destination importance, connectivity scores are derived. The method is then applied to explore changes in the global connectivity pattern of Scandinavian airports from 2004 to 2018. The results suggest distinct spatial differences throughout the network, but less pronounced in size than suggested by popularly applied connectivity measures. Findings also highlight the importance of the geographical location as a determinate of an airport’s connectivity.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

浆体流变特性对透水混凝土性能的影响

为研究浆体流变特性对透水混凝土力学与透水性能的影响规律,通过减水剂与增黏剂掺量的变化调配出5种不同流动度及6种不同塑性黏度的水泥浆体,并固定浆集比配置出对应的透水混凝土。采用光学显微镜图像分析透水混凝土中骨料颗粒表面浆体裹附层厚度,以水泥浆体的拉拔黏结强度表征浆体与骨料的黏结强度,在研究浆体流动度及塑性黏度对浆体拉拔黏结强度、骨料颗粒表面浆体包裹层厚度影响的基础上,进一步探讨了浆体流变特性对透水混凝土抗压、抗折强度、空隙率以及透水系数的影响规律,揭示出浆体流动度与塑性黏度对透水混凝土力学与透水性能的作用原理。研究结果表明：随着浆体流动度及塑性黏度的增加,透水混凝土力学性能呈现先提高后降低的趋势,而透水混凝土的透水系数则随着浆体流动度的增加逐渐降低,随着浆体塑性黏度的增加逐渐增加;结合浆体流变性能对浆体自身拉拔黏结强度及骨料颗粒表面浆体包裹层厚度的影响发现,浆体流变特性主要通过影响浆体自身黏结特性而作用于透水混凝土力学性能,通过影响骨料颗粒表面浆体包裹层厚度及其分布状态而作用于透水混凝土的透水性能;在进行透水混凝土配合比设计时,可以通过调控浆体的流变特性,达到兼顾透水混凝土力学性能与透水性能的目的。     

城市整孔预制波腹箱梁研究

城市中小型跨径桥梁中,横向分块的预制T梁和小箱梁存在稳定性差、工序复杂、视觉效果差等缺陷,而整体现浇箱梁存在地基处理成本高、交通与环保压力大等问题.本研究采用波形钢取代混凝土腹板,设计出一种重量仅471 t的整孔预制波腹箱梁,相比于单幅现浇箱梁,自重减轻30.74％,刚度却增加23.45％.分析表明,整孔预制波腹箱梁在...     

高速铁路深厚软土地基物理力学特性分析及沉降控制

为研究东北地区高速铁路软土地基路基物理力学特性及其沉降控制方法,通过物性参数试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、直接剪切试验以及固结试验等,并结合工后沉降检算,提出适用于该片区的地基加固手段.研究表明:(1)研究区域软弱夹层分布在地表8 m以下,厚度为4～8 m,液性指数随深度逐渐下降,在14 m处降至最低;(2)0～8 m深度...