城市轨道交通中通信传送业务平台的选择

城市轨道交通的通信系统是列车高速密集安全运行的保证,也是正常运营、指挥、管理、服务的必须平台,也是在紧急异常情况下防灾求援和事故处理的指挥通信系统。为更好地选择适合城市轨道交通的通信传送平台,从城市轨道交通通信的特点出发,介绍了开放式传输网络(OTN)和多业务传输平台(MSTP)的基本原理、特点,并对两种技术的特点进行了比较。结合目前城市轨道交通的实际选型,得出OTN技术是目前最佳选择的结论。     

Understanding the relationships between private automobile availability, overall physical activity, and travel behavior in adults

In most developed countries motorized transportation is the dominant form of travel for long and short journeys. Transport-related physical activity (TPA), however, is advocated as an appropriate transport mode for traveling short distances. The purpose of this study is to explore the associations between private automobile availability, overall physical activity levels, and TPA engagement in the adult population. A population-representative telephone survey assessed socio-demographics, private automobile availability, overall physical activity levels, and travel to place of work/study and the convenience shop with an adult sample (n = 2,000) residing in North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand in April 2005. The majority of respondents reported unrestricted (80%) or frequent (12%) private automobile availability. After controlling for covariates, binary logistic regression analyses revealed those with no private automobile available were less likely to be classified as sufficiently active for health benefits when compared to respondents with unrestricted private automobile availability. However, this finding was based on a small minority (4%). Also, those reporting no private automobile availability were more likely to walk or cycle to place of employment and the convenience shop when compared to those with unrestricted private automobile availability. Similar to other self-report travel and physical activity survey tools, the questionnaire used potentially did not adequately capture TPA engagement. Future TPA research needs to incorporate objective measures to address this issue.

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奥运会作为世界最有影响的活动受到承办国的普遍而高度重视。本文在讨论当前北京交通实际情况的基础上,重点介绍了北京奥运会交通组织的成功之处;根据北京市未来社会发展与经济建设需求,结合北京市提出的交通发展目标,分析了在后奥运时期交通发展的基本思路;针对如何确保北京城市社会与经济的运行秩序,促进北京城市朝着国际化大都市发展,不断扩大北京乃至中国的国际影响力这个目标,指出了北京交通需要注意的问题,即进一步明确中心城区公共交通与私人交通的地位、通过对交通外部性来深化认识社会公平性等,最后提出了近期建设与管理中的一些具体措施。     

蛋形耐压壳力学特性研究

深入研究了复合材料蛋形耐压壳的力学特性.首先建立蛋形耐压壳母线方程及解析法力学模型;在此基础上,推出极限强度载荷、屈曲临界载荷与厚度的定量关系式,以及厚度和浮力系数的求解方程,并研究了同比条件下球形耐压壳的力学特性.结果表明,蛋形耐压壳综合性能优于球形耐压壳,可最优协调强度稳定性、浮力系数、空间利用率、人机环特性以及水动力学特性,且对缺陷敏感性低,便于开孔、开窗,在深海潜水器上具有良好的应用前景.     

Evolving Narratives of Low-Carbon Futures in Transportation

Scenarios of low-carbon transport demonstrate that a vast range of different outcomes is possible and contingent on policy, technology and cultural developments. But a closer look indicates that different schools of thought suggest possible pathways diverging in their fine structure. This perspective reveals how three different scientific communities — integrated assessment modelers, transport-sector modelers, and place-based modelers — emphasize distinct solution domains. While integrated assessment models focus on fuel composition, transport-sector models put slightly higher emphasis on efficiency measures; in turn place-based research specifies idiosyncratic behavioral and infrastructural mitigation options that are likely to be beneficial in realizing local co-benefits. These specific local approaches could mitigate urban transport emissions by 20–50%, higher than that revealed in aggregate global models. We discuss differences in approach, possibilities for reconciliation, and the implications of normative assumptions. Targeted three-directional interactions would foster comprehensive understanding of possible low-carbon transportation futures.     

Stakeholder-specific data acquisition and urban freight policy evaluation: evidence,implications and new suggestions

Cities, characterised by scarce resources and facing increasing citizens’ requests for more liveable and attractive environments, need to define and implement more efficient urban freight transport policy interventions. It is strategically relevant to perform an ex-ante in-depth policy evaluation. The paper aims at investigating the relevance, the needs and the implications of the data acquisition process by combining a focused review with an original research study. It critically compares five categories of methodological approaches adopted for policy evaluation purposes with an explicit focus on the stated preference method given its behavioural peculiarity and robustness. The review, following a systematic procedure where scientific quality is complemented by relevance and coverage, underlines a high variability in the level of sophistication for data acquisition. While a stakeholder-specific approach seems natural in all those cases where local authorities want to adopt distinct policy instruments for each stakeholder, this is also needed when homogeneous policies impacting the various stakeholders are tested. Stakeholder-specific data acquisition translates into the creation of multiple experimental designs, explicitly conceived for each stakeholder considered. A case study, intended to compare two alternative strategies for data acquisition, provides a quantitative measure of potential distortions in policy evaluation due to the adoption of a stakeholder-generic approach. Results, in terms of willingness to pay measures, show that a stakeholder-specific approach is needed not only when modelling but also in the data acquisition process.     

Fixed‐route taxi system: route network design and fleet size minimization problems

This paper introduces the taxi route network design problem (TXRNDP) for a fixed‐route taxi service operating in Iran and, in similar form, in various other developing countries. The service operates fairly similar to regular transit services in that vehicles are only permitted to follow a certain predetermined route on the network. The service is provided with small size vehicles and main features are that vehicles only depart if full and that there are no intermediate boarding stops. In Iran the service attracts a high modal share but requires better coordination which is the main motivation for the present study. We develop a mathematical programming model to minimize the total travel time experienced by passengers while constraining the number of taxi lines, the trip transfer ratio and the length of taxi lines. A number of assumptions are introduced in order to allow finding an exact rather than heuristic solution. We further develop a linear programming solution to minimize the number of taxis required to serve the previously found fixed‐route taxi network. Results of a case study with the city of Zanjan, Iran, illustrate the resulting taxi flows and suggest the capability of the proposed model to reduce the total travel time, the total waiting time and the number of taxi lines compared to the current taxi operation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of structural variables on automotive body bumper impact beam

Increasing fuel economy has been a central issue in the development of new cars, and one of the important strategies to improve fuel economy is to decrease vehicle weight. In order to obtain this goal, researchers have sought to make bumpers lighter without sacrificing strength, ability to absorb impact, or passenger safety. In this study, the effects of structural variables on the torsional stiffness of a body bumper impact beam were analyzed for possible weight reduction. To this end, the effects of variation of section height, increase of impact beam thickness and the addition of stays in a bumper impact beam were carefully investigated and compared. Among these, the most effective way to increase the torsional stiffness of the bumper impact beam was found to be increasing the section height. In addition, the potential for overall weight reduction of the impact beam was examined by comparing the crash capability of a bumper using conventional steels with that of high-strength steel (boron steel) with a tensile strength of 1.5 GPa. This analysis could serve as a guide to design for optimal bumper impact beam development.     

高速公路最佳运营区域划分方法研究

针对目前"一路一公司"小规模高速公路运营管理格局的弊端,研究高速公路最佳运营区域划分的量化分析方法。首先提出运营区域划分原则与各项原则的量化描述方法;通过建立相似性指标的计算方法,将运营区域划分构造成空间与属性信息的一体化聚类问题,并利用层次聚类分析,获得分区备选方案;最后通过建立方案的评价指标体系以及方案选择的多目标决策模型,获得最佳运营区域划分方案。实例分析表明,利用这一分析方法获得的最佳区域划分方案,符合实际情况,可以较全面的体现决策者的思想与预期目标。