城市轻轨交通技术的发展——为解决技术课题的5项自我服务技术

城市轻轨交通(Urban Light Rail Traffic:LRT)作为城市中人与环境和谐、减轻环境负担以及改变人们生活方式的新型交通工具,是城市重要的交通系统。以在冲绳召开的国际LRT研讨会为契机,LRT得到了正确定位。文章介绍了LRT技术的变迁,并阐述了为解决LRT技术发展中的各种课题的5项自我服务技术。     

“9·11”事件前后美国轨道交通的安全情况

2001年发生的"9·11"事件,不可逆转地改变了美国人对安全准备工作的内涵与认识。虽然新安保措施的着重点主要放在航空运输方面,但人们也更加注重陆地公共交通系统的安全形势,因为公众关注的焦点从"9·11"之前的私人财产犯罪转变为恐怖主义活动。然而,美国的铁路运营安全却被现实的情况所限制:当前紧缩的财政预算无法构建一个巨大的、均匀分级的保安网络。上述的两种形势相互作用,促使有关部门在"9·11"之后采取更为合理和实际的铁路安全措施,并由此催生了一些新方法来解决在根基上原本就脆弱的网络体系问题。交通安全部门和民间研究小组的结论是:对所有公共交通基础设施提供一整套安全设施是不必要的。     

公路运梁对铺架施工影响及对策探析

公路运输铁路T梁施工在近年的铁路建设项目上时有出现,运梁方式的改变对于铺轨架梁施工有较大影响。从运梁设备的选型、加固方式及喂梁方式的变化和上砟方式变化等方面进行探讨分析,以期对类似施工项目有所借鉴。     

基于路网可达性的城市交通离散网络设计模型及算法

根据城市交通路网分区理论,把分成的子区看成一个节点,考虑所有节点的可达性,以此度量整个路网的可达性,设计了基于路网可达性最大为目标的城市交通离散网络设计模型。采用粒子群算法,并给出一个简单的算例,算例表明,合理的添加路段,能使城市路网可达性达到最大。     

保障公益性运输服务的铁路客票管理策略

普速铁路的客运市场可以分为公益性与盈利性两种，区分这两种服务有利于兼顾公平与盈利目标.本文在转运模型的基础上，提出了分离可调配客票管理策略，即在车票预售期开始分别为公益性与普通运输市场分配一定的席位，在发车前(24 h)可以将未售出的公益性客票调配到盈利性市场销售.该策略考虑公益性运输需求的最低服务水平约束与列车能力约束.解析解显示该策略与公益优先的系统目标激励相容，即企业会自发选择高水平的公益性客票供给.算例结果显示该策略能够同时提高公益性需求服务水平与单位客票收入.     

Origin–destination synthesis for aviation network data: examining hub operations in the domestic and international US markets

Hub‐and‐spoke networking is a key feature of current aviation markets in which hubs, as connecting points, function to consolidate and redistribute flows. This indicates that observation of traffic on a segment does not necessarily convey information about the origin to destination routing of passenger journeys because of the unavoidable detours in the system. This paper examines the heterogeneity of the flow composition in domestic and international US markets, which in turn allows us to observe the variation of operations across major hubs. A modified Route Flow Estimator for origin–destination synthesis (or origin–destination matrix estimation) is designed to decompose the segment traffic into itinerary‐based passenger trips. Several public and commercial databases, which are easily accessible, are exploited (and reconciled) for the model in order to (i) generate possible trip itineraries using those segment markets, and (ii) link data‐driven operational conditions with the underlying segment flows. The results are validated with US domestic trip observations and empirical knowledge related to the air transportation system. Then, the variability of the hub operations is examined based on sensitivity tests using the model parameters. From the resolution of itinerary‐based estimates, we observe that major airports' hub operations are spatially uneven, particularly with respect to domestic and international connecting passengers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于PFV策略的连续型元胞自动机交通流模型

科学合理的微观交通流仿真模型是研究交通控制手段有效性的关键.本文结合一种考虑驾驶员视野内前后多车影响的跟驰策略，建立了连续型元胞自动机交通流模型.仿真实验表明，仿真数据与实测数据有较好的拟合性，仿真得到的 K-Q、K-V和 Q-V图能较好地反映实际道路交通流的失稳现象，所建立的模型具有适应不同场景的兼容性与灵活性，能够作为研究我国实际道路交通流问题的仿真工具.     

基于宏观基本图的路网多子区状态一致协同控制

针对基于宏观基本图(MFD)的路网多子区协同控制未考虑各子区拥堵状态差异性及均衡性的问题，本文提出以多子区状态可达一致为目标的子区边界状态反馈控制设计方法. 首先，基于路网 MFD模型建立路网多子区协同模型；进一步，基于部分变量稳定性理论，设计多子区状态可达一致的边界状态反馈控制律.在此基础上，考虑子区拥堵状态的差异性，设计了子区间的协同控制策略，快速缓解子区拥堵状态；同时，提出子区边界输入流的分配优化策略.最后，以潍坊市实际路网为背景建立仿真模型.实验结果表明，本文方法可实现子区交通流分布的均衡性，快速缓解子区拥堵状态，较大幅度地提升路网运行效率.     

Asynchronous n-step Q-learning adaptive traffic signal control

Ensuring transportation systems are efficient is a priority for modern society. Intersection traffic signal control can be modeled as a sequential decision-making problem. To learn how to make the best decisions, we apply reinforcement learning techniques with function approximation to train an adaptive traffic signal controller. We use the asynchronous n-step Q-learning algorithm with a two hidden layer artificial neural network as our reinforcement learning agent. A dynamic, stochastic rush hour simulation is developed to test the agent’s performance. Compared against traditional loop detector actuated and linear Q-learning traffic signal control methods, our reinforcement learning model develops a superior control policy, reducing mean total delay by up 40% without compromising throughput. However, we find our proposed model slightly increases delay for left turning vehicles compared to the actuated controller, as a consequence of the reward function, highlighting the need for an appropriate reward function which truly develops the desired policy.