冰载荷的特性研究

应用六自由度数值模型对某破冰船的连续式破冰过程进行数值模拟,得到其冰载荷的时历,并将其与试验结果进行比较,验证该方法的正确性,同时分析冰载荷动态性变化的原因。通过计算得到破冰船在不同速度及冰厚条件下的冰载荷和运动响应,以及航速与船舶冰载荷之间的关系。     

极地船舶吊舱结构冰载荷计算方法研究

该文根据国外船级社规范,初步探索了一套适用于吊舱结构冰载荷应用分析的计算方法.选取典型吊舱作为计算对象,对两种典型冰况作用条件下的吊舱包结构开展有限元计算工作,验证了本方法的工程适用性.与采用挪威船级社和中国船级社新推荐方法得到的吊舱冰载荷计算结果相比,本方法得到的计算结果没有出现非常离散的情况,差别不大.     

Numerical estimation of ship resistance in broken ice and investigation on the effect of floe geometry

In this paper, a numerical model based on the non-smooth discrete element method is presented to investigate the effect of ice floe shape on ship resistance under low-concentration broken ice condition where ice fields consist of relatively small and unbreakable floes. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by the comparison with a series of experiments conducted by the authors with artificial ice floes made from polypropylene (PP) material. The mean ice resistance estimated by the numerical model is in fairly good agreement with both the experimental results and those from the existing semi-empirical formulas. Additionally, the floe shape effect captured in the experiment, i.e. “rectangle-like” floes results in higher resistance than “elliptic-like” floes, is also predicted by the numerical model. Then, the validated numerical model is used to further investigate the effect of floe shape on ship resistance. It has been found that the rectangle floe results in higher ice resistance than other studied floe shapes. The ratio between the maximum and minimum caliper diameters of floe shows little influence on the ice resistance of ship. Finally, the effect of ice thickness on the ice resistance is also discussed.     

Glacial ice impacts: Part I: Wave-driven motion and small glacial ice feature impacts

Glacial ice features in the northern and central Barents Sea may threaten ships and offshore structures. Particularly, small glacial ice features, which are difficult to detect and manage by concurrent technologies, are of concern. Additionally, small glacial ice features are more susceptible to wave-driven oscillatory motions, which increases their pre-impact kinetic energy and may damage ships and offshore structures. This paper is part of three related papers. An initial paper (Monteban et al., 2020) studied glacial ice features’ drift, size distribution and encounter frequencies with an offshore structure in the Barents Sea. The following two papers (Paper I and Paper II) further performed glacial ice impact studies, including impact motion analysis (Paper I) and structural damage assessment (Paper II). This paper (Paper I) studies the wave-driven motion of small glacial ice features and their subsequent impact with a given offshore structure. The aim here is to develop a numerical model that is capable of efficiently calculating the relative motion between the ice feature and structure and to sample a sufficient amount of impact events from which statistical information can be obtained. The statistical information entails the distributions of the impact location and associated impact velocities. Given the distributions of the impact velocities at different locations, we can quantify the kinetic energy for related impact scenarios for a further structural damage assessment in Paper II (Yu et al., 2020).In Paper I, a numerical model that separately calculates the wave-driven oscillatory motion and the mean drift motion of small glacial ice features is proposed, implemented and validated. Practical and fit-for-purpose hydrodynamic simplifications are made to simulate and sample sufficient impact events. The numerical model has been favourably validated against existing numerical results and experimental data. A case study is presented where a 10 m wide glacial ice feature is drifting under the influence of surface waves towards an offshore structure. The case study shows that if an impact happens, the overall impact location and impact velocity can be best fitted by the Normal and Weibull distributions, respectively. Additionally, the impact velocity increases with impact height. Moreover, the impact velocity increases and the impact range is more dispersed in a higher sea state. It is also important to notice that the approaches and methods proposed in this paper adhere to and reflect the general requirements stated in ISO19906 (2019) and NORSOK N-003 (2017) for estimating the design kinetic energy for glacial ice impacts.     

东营港某桩基引桥工程防冰设计

结合目前国内冰荷载研究现状,主要介绍了东营港某桩基工程的冰荷载类型、冰荷载计算方法及防冰设计方案,从施工难易程度、施工工期、投资造价等方面考虑,着重分析比较了预制挡冰裙和基桩外包钢皮这两种防冰措施的特点,并总结了海港工程防冰设计应注意的主要事项,供同类工程设计时参考、借鉴。     

流凌演进原型试验方法

在季节性冰冻河流开江过程中,特别是武开江,较大体积的流凌会对堤防、护岸等水工建筑物构成严重威胁,甚至可聚集成冰塞或冰坝,造成水位短时抬高,导致漫滩或决堤,造成人民生命财产的损失。为探究流凌演进规律,有效预防流凌灾害,建立了流凌演进原型试验方法,开展松花江汤原河段流凌演进原型试验研究。通过RTK测量不同模型粒子的运动轨迹和撞击护岸现象,结合当地风速测量数据,探究流场要素、风速以及河道地形对流凌运动的影响;明晰流凌撞击护岸的影响因素以及堤防可能发生破坏的地点和形式。为揭示冰坝、冰塞形成机理提供理论参考,为堤防合理布局和维护提供指导依据。     

PRINCIPLE, CONSTRUCTION AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR THE OMNIDIRECTIONAL MOBILE ROBOT——ICE-SKATER ROBOT

IntroductionAccording to Prof.Shigeo Hirose,there arethree main basic types of locomotion for mobilerobot:1 artificial rotational device,such as wheelsand crawlers,2 legs and 3articulated bodies,which is similar to the body of a snake[1] .Thelegged robot can move on not only an even groundbut rugged terrain and makes omnidirectional mo-tion without slippage,it will increase the totalweight of the robotifa number ofbulky and heavyactuators,steering and braking mechanisms are at-tached to the m…     

低温送风系统散流器的性能评价

通过实验和数值模拟计算，对风车－风扇诱导型散流器的性能进行分析，表明该型散流器具有高诱导比，并且在一次风量变化范围很大时均能正常工作，因而能在空调房间的工作区内形成较为均匀的气流分布和温度分布。由此可见，在冰蓄冷低温送风系统中，采用该型散流器可获得舒适的室内热环境。     

Measuring the thicknesses of the freshwater-layer plume and sea ice in the land-fast ice region of the Mackenzie Delta using helicopter-borne sensors

Helicopter-borne sensors have been used since the early 1990s to monitor ice properties in support of winter marine transportation along the east coast of Canada. The observations are used in ice chart production and to validate ice hazard identification algorithms using satellite advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) imagery. In this study we evaluated the sensors' additional capability to monitor the freshwater plume characteristic beneath land-fast ice. During the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) data were collected over the Mackenzie Delta in the southern Beaufort Sea where a buoyant river plume exists. Results showed that the electromagnetic–laser system could describe not only the ice properties but also the horizontal distribution of the freshwater plume depths that decreased in depth stepwise offshore as the flow of the buoyant plume was restricted by a series of ridge-rubble fields running parallel to the coast. Relative to the 2 m mean ice thickness, the plume layer depth varied from zero under mobile offshore pack ice to 3 m inshore of the third set of ridge-rubble fields.     

Protist entrapment in newly formed sea ice in the Coastal Arctic Ocean

Protist abundance and taxonomic composition were determined in four development stages of newly formed sea ice (new ice, nilas, young ice and thin first-year ice) and in the underlying surface waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from 30 September to 19 November 2003. Pico- and nanoalgae were counted by flow cytometry whereas photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists ≥ 4 µm were identified and counted by inverted microscopy. Protists were always present in sea ice and surface water samples throughout the study period. The most abundant protists in sea ice and surface waters were cells < 4 µm. They were less abundant in sea ice (418–3051 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (1393–5373 × 10³ cells L^− 1). In contrast, larger protists (≥ 4 µm) were more abundant in sea ice (59–821 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (22–256 × 10³ cells L^− 1). These results suggest a selective incorporation of larger cells into sea ice. The ≥ 4 µm protist assemblage was composed of a total number of 73 taxa, including 12 centric diatom species, 7 pennate diatoms, 11 dinoflagellates and 16 flagellates. The taxonomic composition in the early stage of ice formation (i.e., new ice) was very similar to that observed in surface waters and was composed of a mixed population of nanoflagellates (Prasinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae), diatoms (mainly Chaetoceros species) and dinoflagellates. In older stages of sea ice (i.e., young ice and thin first-year ice), the taxonomic composition became markedly different from that of the surface waters. These older ice samples contained relatively fewer Prasinophyceae and more unidentified nanoflagellates than the younger ice. Diatom resting spores and dinoflagellate cysts were generally more abundant in sea ice than in surface waters. However, further studies are needed to determine the importance of this winter survival strategy in Arctic sea ice. This study clearly shows the selective incorporation of large cells (≥ 4 µm) in newly formed sea ice and the change in the taxonomic composition of protists between sea ice and surface waters as the fall season progresses.