风火山隧道穿越地下冰层施工技术

重点介绍青藏铁路风火山隧道穿越厚层地下冰层施工中 ,针对地下冰层易热融滑塌的特点 ,摸索出一些行之有效的施工技术措施 :井挖采用预留光爆层光面爆破 ,减少装药量 ,设置保温设施 ,暖季施工利用夜间通冷风 ,低温下快速有效封闭围岩 ,加快模筑混凝土衬砌速度 ,铺设保温板 ,加强测温工作等。     

绥佳线佳木斯松花江特大桥设计特点

为改建铁路绥佳线佳木斯松花江桥 ,设计时进行了桥位、桥式综合技术经济的比选。由于水文条件复杂和通航的要求 ,进行了水工模型试验 ;该大跨度钢梁是我国严寒地区采用的最大跨度钢梁 ,钢梁的选材、墩台设计克服厚层冰压力是技术关键。另外 ,还立项研制了一种新型大吨位钢支座———铰轴滑板钢支座     

冰粒参数对冰粒射流表面清洗性能的影响

根据射流对固体表面冲击时的流动过程分析,得出了冰粒射流对固体表面的作用不仅仅在冲击区,还包括附壁射流区的结论。由于冰粒是冰粒射流的关键,因而选用与冰粒相关的参数即其温度、粒径和流量作为影响因素,在射流的压力、靶距和横移速度一定的情况下,利用建立的冰粒射流系统进行了脱漆正交试验,目的是通过脱漆试验考察冰粒对其射流表面清洗性能的影响。试验数据的方差分析和直观分析表明：冰粒的温度和流量对冰粒射流表面清洗性能的影响是主要的,而粒径的影响是次要的。     

松花江三姓浅滩丁、锁坝防冰措施研究

本文介绍了松花江三姓浅滩河段的基本冰情,分析了流冰对丁、锁坝的破坏方式和部位,根据冰对坝的破坏方式和部位.提出了三类共八种防冰措施.     

深圳地铁空调冷负荷特性对冰蓄冷技术的影响

以屏蔽门系统某深圳地铁站为例 ,对地铁冷负荷情况进行分析 ,针对地铁站的特点对冰蓄冷的控制策略进行调整 ,并对常规空调与蓄冷空调的投资分析比较。     

Microbial food web responses to light and nutrients beneath the coastal Arctic Ocean sea ice during the winter–spring transition

We measured the abundance and biomass of phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes in the upper mixed layer of the water column in ice-covered Franklin Bay, Beaufort Sea, Canada, from December 2003 to May 2004, and evaluated the influence of light and nutrients on these communities by way of a shipboard enrichment experiment. Bacterial cell concentrations showed no consistent trends throughout the sampling period, averaging (± SD) 2.4 (0.9) × 10⁸ cells L^− 1; integrated bacterial biomass for the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.33 mg C m^− 3 to 3.60 mg C m^− 3. Small cells numerically dominated the heterotrophic protist community in both winter and spring, but in terms of biomass, protists with a diameter > 10 µm generally dominated the standing stocks. Heterotrophic protist biomass integrated over the upper mixed layer ranged from 1.23 mg C m^− 3 to 6.56 mg C m^− 3. Phytoplankton biomass was low and variable, but persisted during the winter period. The standing stock of pigment-containing protists ranged from a minimum value of 0.38 mg C m^− 3 in winter to a maximal value of 6.09 mg C m^− 3 in spring and the most abundant taxa were Micromonas-like cells. These picoprasinophytes began to increase under the ice in February and their population size was positively correlated with surface irradiance. Despite the continuing presence of sea ice, phytoplankton biomass rose by more than an order of magnitude in the upper mixed layer by May. The shipboard experiment in April showed that this phototrophic increase in the community was not responsive to pulsed nutrient enrichment, with all treatments showing a strong growth response to improved irradiance conditions. Molecular (DGGE) and microscopic analyses indicated that most components of the eukaryotic community responded positively to the light treatment. These results show the persistence of a phototrophic inoculum throughout winter darkness, and the strong seasonal response by arctic microbial food webs to sub-ice irradiance in early spring.     

Numerical simulation of level ice impact on landing craft bow considering the transverse isotropy of Baltic Sea ice based on XFEM

Ice bending is a major failure mechanism of level ice when ships and marine structures interact with level ice. This paper aims to investigate the ice bending and ice load when level ice collides on ships and marine structures using numerical simulation method, and compare the numerical results with field test. The fracture of ice is simulated with extended finite element method (XFEM), and cohesive zone concept is used to describe the crack propagation. In order to consider the characteristics of S2 columnar ice, a transversely isotropic elastic material model is used for the ice bulk elements, and a transversely isotropic Tsai-Wu failure criterion is adopted to predict the initiation of cracks. A well-controlled field test of a landing craft bow colliding with level ice in Baltic Sea is simulated to verify the numerical scheme. The ice plate's continuous deformation, crack initiation and crack propagation at different impact velocities and angles are simulated and the results are discussed. In the simulation, the bending crack emerges at the midline of the top surface of ice plate, then propagates towards free boundary, and finally a circumferential crack forms. It is found that with the impact velocity increases, the bending load increases and the fracture size (perpendicular distance from the crack to the contact edge) decreases. And as the angle between the landing craft bow and vertical direction increases, the bending load and the fracture size decrease. The simulated results corresponds well with the field test. The competition between the circumferential crack and radial crack is also found in the simulation and will be discussed in this paper. The results show that this method well simulates the bending of level ice and predict the ice load, and provides a good approach for investigating the mechanism of different forms of level ice fracture.     

冰雪条件下中国驾驶员跟驰行为及模型研究

分析驾驶员在冰雪条件下的驾驶行为特性，建立考虑驾驶员行为特性的跟驰模型，有助于丰富现有交通流理论.通过招募驾驶员开展实车跟驰试验，对比分析正常条件与冰雪条件下的驾驶行为差异.进而基于任务难度均衡理论构建包含人类因素参数的任务难度模块，引入改进后的智能驾驶员模型，并采用车辆轨迹数据对模型进行标定和有效性验证.研究表明：驾驶员在跟驰行驶过程中受外界刺激及自身驾驶能力影响时会对车辆行驶状态进行动态调整，试图保持期望间距，且速度与前车一致的状态；冰雪条件下驾驶员采取风险补偿行为，其车头时距波动幅度较正常条件收窄，模型引入人类因素参数可以较好地描述其差异性. 模型有效性验证表明，新模型在6个仿真场景中的表现都优于传统智能驾驶员模型，且表现出更好的鲁棒性.研究结果可为冰雪条件下的交通管理措施制定提供理论支持.     

Short-term statistics of ice loads on ship bow frames in floe ice fields: Full-scale measurements in the Antarctic ocean

Ship operation and ice loading in floe ice fields have received considerable interest during recent years. There have been several numerical simulators developed by different institutes which can simulate ship navigation through floe ice fields and estimate ship performance and local ice loads. However, public data obtained from full-scale measurement covering comprehensively ship performance and ice loads under various ice thicknesses, concentrations and floe sizes are rare. The 2018/19 Antarctic voyage of the Polar Supply and Research Vessel (PSRV) S.A. Agulhas II gathered considerable data of the ship in floe ice fields under various thicknesses, concentrations, and floe sizes. The aim of this paper is to carry out statistical analysis to seek suitable probability distributions which adequately fit the measured ice load and therefore suitable to be used as parent distributions for long-term estimation. For this aim, three categories of probability distributions, namely standard distributions, truncated distributions and mixture distributions are tested. It is found that truncated distributions can fit the load data better than standard distributions bounded at the threshold. In addition, mixture distributions are shown to have promising features, which fit the data well and are able to separate distribution components. Subsequentially, the well-performed distributions are used as parent distributions to make long-term load estimations. The estimation results demonstrate that long-term estimations are sensitive to the selection of parent distribution, which addresses the importance of finding correct distribution to model short-term ice loads. The data of ten selected cases will be published for the use of other researchers.     

某城市地铁车站采用冰蓄冷系统分析

以某城市地铁地下站为例,从水系统的流程、与用户的连接方式、系统配置等方面分析了车站采用冰蓄冷的方案。采用该地下站的冷负荷数据,对车站冰蓄冷系统和常规制冷系统方案进行了技术经济比较,得到结论:由于该城市峰谷电价差超过3.5倍,采用冰蓄冷是可行的,但优势不突出。冰蓄冷方式利用电价差达到总费用最小,省钱但不省电。