Incorporating the extended theory of planned behavior in a school travel mode choice model: a case study of Shaoxing,China

Travel to and from school can have social, economic, and environmental implications for students and their parents. Therefore, understanding school travel mode choice behavior is essential to find policy-oriented approaches to optimizing school travel mode share. Recent research suggests that psychological factors of parents play a significant role in school travel mode choice behavior and the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model has been used to test the effect of psychological constructs on mode choice behavior. However, little research has used a systematic framework of behavioral theory to organize these psychological factors and investigate their internal relationships. This paper proposes an extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) to delve into the psychological factors caused by the effects of adults’ cognition and behavioral habits and explores the factors’ relationship paradigm. A theoretical framework of travel mode choice behavior for students in China is constructed. We established the MIMIC model that accommodates latent variables from ETPB. We found that not all the psychological latent variables have significant effects on school travel mode choice behavior, but habit can play an essential role. The results provide theoretical support for demand policies for school travel.     

Daily activity and travel sequences of students,faculty and staff at a large Canadian university

This paper examines the activity engagement, sequencing and timing of activities for student, faculty and staff commuter groups at the largest university in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The daily activity patterns of all university community groups are modeled using the classification and regression tree classifier algorithm. The data used for this study are derived from the Environmentally Aware Travel Diary Survey (EnACT) conducted in spring 2016 at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia. Results show that there are significant differences in activity and travel behavior between university population segments and the general population in the region, and between campus groups. For example, students participate in more recreation activities compared to faculty and staff. They also take more trips to and from campus, and are more flexible in their scheduling of trips. The insights gained from this study will provide helpful information for promoting sustainability across university campuses, and for development of campus-based travel demand management strategies.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

Long-term impact of the Shinkansen on rail and air demand: analysis with data from Northeast Japan

This paper analyses how the high-speed rail construction in Northeast Japan (Tohoku) has affected total demand and interregional travel patterns. We use annual interregional passenger data from 1989 to 2012 and apply regression analysis with the demand between Tokyo and the Tohoku prefectures as the dependent variable. We distinguish particularly between the ‘Full-’ and the ‘Mini-’ Shinkansen, where the latter are branch services running with reduced speed. We find that the ‘Full-Shinkansen’ quickly increases rail and total public transport trips and generates additional rail demand year on year. The ‘Mini-Shinkansen’ impacts are less pronounced. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the Shinkansen has shifted some demand from air to rail once it started operation and increased rail share gradually. We therefore suggest that predictions of demand impacts should carefully distinguish immediate from gradual impacts. We also discuss differences in regional demand in that not all prefectures have gained equally from Shinkansen construction.     

Factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children (aged 0–4): a review of the literature

Life events, such as the birth of a child, disrupt habitual travel behaviour and provide a valuable opportunity to influence the adoption of sustainable transport practices. However, in order for sustainable travel practices to be adopted, an understanding is required of the factors that influence travel mode choice among families with young children. Research in this field is particularly timely given many in the millennial generation, a comparably large cohort, are approaching this life stage. This comprehensive literature review develops a framework of factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children. The findings reveal a multitude of factors influence decisions about mode choice, and, in particular, encourage travel by car, when travelling with young children. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research about travel among families with young children, a largely overlooked group of transport users.     

浅海典型声速近程海底混响数值仿真

浅海混响以海底混响为主.本文选取对浅海近程海底混响贡献较大的声线采用射线声学理论,数值计算浅海3种典型声速分布下的海底混响时域信号和混响强度,分析声速分布、脉冲宽度及负跃层声速条件下声源深度对海底混响衰减的影响.计算结果表明:浅海近程混响强度随着时间振荡衰减,不同声速、不同声源深度下混响强度具有相似的衰减特性,但振荡衰减的"波峰"和"波谷"会随着声速分布、声源深度变化而变化.     

公路隧道通风中射流风机纵向最小间距研究

射流风机纵向最小间距的确定对于风机正常经济的运行起着十分重要的作用。通过对射流风机工作原理和隧道内流态进行分析,依据射流力学的有关原理找到了影响射流风机纵向最小间距的因素和计算方法。确定射流风机纵向最小间距的计算方法通过工程类比和CFD软件数值模拟验证,符合真实情况,可为今后射流风机纵向最小间距的确定提供指导。     

城市快速路匝道最小间距模型

匝道间距是路线设计中的重要内容,对交通流有决定性的影响。根据城市快速匝道的特点,应用驾驶员行为理论,模拟了驾驶员城市快速匝道上的驾驶行为。认为匝道间距是影响城市快速路主线运行状况的关键因素。为了合理确定匝道最小间距,必须确定匝道组合模式和计算匝道加减速车道长度,并计算出车流从匝道汇入主线后,由于车流变道而形成交织车流长度。由此建立了不同匝道组合模式下的匝道最小间距模型。应用实例表明。当匝道间距不能满足最小间距时,车速降低,服务水平下降。     

基于客观测度与主观估算的出行疲劳研究

出行舒适度是影响交通方式选择的要素之一,但由于缺少合理的量化方法,其评价长期停滞于定性描述,难以科学反映不同交通方式的服务水平差异。就典型出行环节进行疲劳测定实验,采集不同情况下出行者在单位时间内的客观体能消耗及其对出行疲劳的主观感受;采用自由模量幅度估计估算出行疲劳的主观感受,并与客观体能消耗进行对比。结果显示,车辆行进方式、乘车姿势、乘客负重、车内拥挤程度等均对体能消耗有显著影响,且客观体能消耗与主观感受之间存在显著差异。最后,利用实验结果以北京市和中山市为例进行案例分析,结果表明,在交通方式选择过程中,体能消耗对出行者产生的影响不亚于出行时耗。     

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采用意向调查与行为模型分析相结合的方法,量化研究油价影响下我国居民的出行行为特征,识别典型响应行为,筛选显著影响因素,建立居民出行方式选择模型.结果表明,油价上涨将影响大部分潜在购车者的购车意向,改变其购车计划;油价对小汽车出行者的影响更加显著,减少用车频率、避免高峰出行、改变出行方式是私家车主应对油价上涨的最常用措施;以地铁为代表的公共交通是首选的替代出行方式,经济状况、家庭结构等在很大程度上决定了出行者对小汽车的依赖程度.通过燃油税对油价进行调节,将对我国城市交通结构的优化、交通状况的改善起到关键作用;建议在实施过程中,充分考虑油价对不同居民的影响特点,提高实施效果.该研究可为我国交通需求管理策略的制定提供参考.