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Ground delay programs typically involve the delaying of aircraft that are departing from origin airports within some set distance of a capacity constrained destination airport. Long haul flights are not delayed in this way. A trade-off exists when fixing the distance parameter: increasing the ‘scope’ distributes delay among more aircraft and may reduce airborne holding delay but could also result in unnecessary delay in the (frequently observed) case of early program cancellation. In order to overcome part of this drawback, a fuel based cruise speed reduction strategy aimed at realizing airborne delay, was suggested by the authors in previous publications. By flying slower, at a specific speed, aircraft that are airborne can recover part of their initially assigned delay without incurring extra fuel consumption if the ground delay program is canceled before planned. In this paper, the effect of the scope of the program is assessed when applying this strategy. A case study is presented by analyzing all the ground delay programs that took place at San Francisco, Newark Liberty and Chicago O’Hare International airports during one year. Results show that by the introduction of this technique it is possible to define larger scopes, partially reducing the amount of unrecovered delay. 相似文献
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In literature,there are many successfully created women characters. The essay chooses two of them: Tess and Marguerite. Tess was a typical example in British literature,while Marguerite was a typical example in French literature. Hardy and Dumas fils are the two who were greatly influenced by their own experiences; meanwhile,they witnessed the suffering of the women in the lower class of society. So they could vividly and truthfully depict the inner state of the women in their time. In fact,that's why the two characters were so real to the readers. Both of the two women were regarded as impure and unacceptable to the contemporary people,however,in the writer's eyes,they were not only pure,but also noble in nature. For although they suffered a lot after the turns in their lives,neither of them stopped treating others kindly. Especially when they found their true love,they courageously devoted to it. For their true love,they unexceptionally chose to suffer themselves in order to make their lovers happy after the strong conflict in their heart. In the end,each of the two won others' respect and their lovers' love and understanding. 相似文献
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带转向延误的非对称多模式用户平衡模型及算法 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
为了在网络建模中更精确地反映交通网络和出行行为的复杂特征,从多模式用户平衡原理出发,综合考虑多模式和转向延误因素以及不同模式、路段和转向之间的非对称作用,利用变分不等式理论建立了带转向延误的非对称多模式用户平衡模型,并在精简对角化算法的框架内设计了求解算法。该模型集成了交通网络的诸多特征,且能直接刻画转向延误与转向流量之间的互动关系,避免了传统扩展网络法的缺陷。算例表明:该模型及其算法对问题的描述与求解是有效的。 相似文献
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车辆转弯发生侧翻是最常见、最严重的交通事故之一。对车辆转弯的4种运动状态进行了力学分析,对“车轮下的奇迹”进行科学的压力测算,提出了防止车辆侧翻的具体措施。 相似文献
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本文在对斯太尔重型汽车的双轴转向传动机构进行分析的基础上建立了数学模型,研究了各部分的传动过程,并采用MATLAB语言编写了转向传动机构分析程序,对转向轴内外轮之间,前后轮间的转角匹配,以及最小转弯半径的匹配关系进行了优化。 相似文献
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针对道路改扩建工程,在分析施工区总费用的基础上,通过对交通流运行特征的研究,对车辆通过施工区所产生的各种延误分别进行推导,建立了由施工费用以及车辆延误费用构成的总费用函数模型,得到了道路改扩建工程中不同施工组织条件下最优施工区长度计算公式。微观仿真研究示例表明,最优施工区长度计算方法具有较好的适用性和正确性。有效指导道路维护部门的施工作业,起到节约社会总成本的作用。 相似文献
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Most of current wireless packet scheduling algorithms aim at resource allocation as fairly as possible or maximizing throughput. This paper proposed a new packet scheduling algorithm that aims at satisfying delay requirement and is the improvement of earliest due first (EDF) algorithm in wired networks. The main idea is to classify the packets based on their delay bound, scheduling the most "urgent" class of user and the users that have the best channel condition with higher priority. This algorithm can easily integrate with common buffer management algorithms, when buffer management algorithm cannot accept new arrival packets, try to modify scheduling policy. Packet scheduling algorithms in multiple bottleneck wireless networks were also discussed. A new variable multi-hop factor was defined to estimate the congestion situation (including channel condition) of future hops. Multi-hop factor can be integrated into packet scheduling algorithms as assistant and supplement to improve its performance in multi-bottleneck wireless networks. 相似文献