A bi-objective user equilibrium model of travel time reliability in a road network

Travel time, travel time reliability and monetary cost have been empirically identified as the most important criteria influencing route choice behaviour. We concentrate on travel time and travel time reliability and review two prominent user equilibrium models incorporating these two factors. We discuss some shortcomings of these models and propose alternative bi-objective user equilibrium models that overcome the shortcomings. Finally, based on the observation that both models use standard deviation of travel time within their measure of travel time reliability, we propose a general travel time reliability bi-objective user equilibrium model. We prove that this model encompasses those discussed previously and hence forms a general framework for the study of reliability related user equilibrium. We demonstrate and validate our concepts on a small three-link example.     

陶瓷／金属梯度热障涂层动态设计软件的研制

结合热障涂层和功能梯度材料的概念,研究陶瓷／金属梯度热障涂层动态设计软件的结构与功能及其实现过程。通过具体的例子,对多层圆筒模型的温度场的解析解、差分解及有限元解的仿真结果进行了比较及分析。     

城市交通网络综合平衡配流模型及求解算法

在用户平衡和系统最优的基础上 ,提出了综合平衡配流模型 ,以协调二者之间的矛盾 .其目的是使交通规划更趋合理化 ,不仅考虑了整个系统 ,而且又不忽视用户 .同时 ,利用改进的遗传算法来求解此模型 ,其结果是理想的 .     

一种基于Ethernet实时通信方法的研究及应用

通过研究分析实时通信方法，总结Ethernet非确定性通信特点，提出一种基于Ethernet实时通信方法，该方法借助介质的物理冗余技术，抛开繁琐的TCP／IP协议族服务，直接利用IEEE802．3协议帧进行通信，合理进行流量控制，从而实现通信节点间的实时通信。并在一容错服务器中得到了应用。     

Dynamic user equilibrium with side constraints for a traffic network: Theoretical development and numerical solution algorithm

This paper investigates a traffic volume control scheme for a dynamic traffic network model which aims to ensure that traffic volumes on specified links do not exceed preferred levels. The problem is formulated as a dynamic user equilibrium problem with side constraints (DUE-SC) in which the side constraints represent the restrictions on the traffic volumes. Travelers choose their departure times and routes to minimize their generalized travel costs, which include early/late arrival penalties. An infinite-dimensional variational inequality (VI) is formulated to model the DUE-SC. Based on this VI formulation, we establish an existence result for the DUE-SC by showing that the VI admits at least one solution. To analyze the necessary condition for the DUE-SC, we restate the VI as an equivalent optimal control problem. The Lagrange multipliers associated with the side constraints as derived from the optimality condition of the DUE-SC provide the traffic volume control scheme. The control scheme can be interpreted as additional travel delays (either tolls or access delays) imposed upon drivers for using the controlled links. This additional delay term derived from the Lagrange multiplier is compared with its counterpart in a static user equilibrium assignment model. If the side constraint is chosen as the storage capacity of a link, the additional delay can be viewed as the effort needed to prevent the link from spillback. Under this circumstance, it is found that the flow is incompressible when the link traffic volume is equal to its storage capacity. An algorithm based on Euler’s discretization scheme and nonlinear programming is proposed to solve the DUE-SC. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the mechanism of the proposed traffic volume control scheme.     

Multi-class percentile user equilibrium with flow-dependent stochasticity

Travelers often reserve a buffer time for trips sensitive to arrival time in order to hedge against the uncertainties in a transportation system. To model the effects of such behavior, travelers are assumed to choose routes to minimize the percentile travel time, i.e. the travel time budget that ensures their preferred probability of on-time arrival; in doing so, they drive the system to a percentile user equilibrium (UE), which can be viewed as an extension of the classic Wardrop equilibrium. The stochasticity in the supply of transportation are incorporated by modeling the service flow rate of each road segment as a random variable. Such stochasticity is flow-dependent in the sense that the probability density functions of these random variables, from which the distribution of link travel time are constructed, are specified endogenously with flow-dependent parameters. The percentile route travel time, obtained by directly convolving the link travel time distributions in this paper, is not available in closed form in general and has to be numerically evaluated. To reveal their structural properties, percentile UE solutions are examined in special cases and verified with numerical results. For the general multi-class percentile UE traffic assignment problem, a variational inequality formulation is given and solved using a route-based algorithm. The algorithm makes use of the diagonal elements in the Jacobian of percentile route travel time, which is approximated through recursive convolution. Preliminary numerical experiments indicate that the algorithm is able to achieve highly precise equilibrium solutions.     

基于多成本分析的出发时刻选择模型研究

交通问题的解决,应该从需求和供给两方面进行改善。交通需求管理通过改变出行者的出发时刻、出行路径以及出行方式等措施,将高峰期的交通需求从时间和空间2个方面进行分离,从而有效缓解城市交通压力。文中将经济学思想应用于城市道路,从固定使用成本、出行时间成本以及惩罚费用成本3个方面研究了私人小汽车出行的多成本性,通过分析居民出发时刻选择的决策过程,应用随机用户均衡分配和Logit基本理论,建立了适用于一般城市网络的出发时刻选择模型。运用模型进行一个算例分析,从而验证模型的有效性和实用性。     

拥挤公交网络的出行费用可靠性

考虑随机事件对公交系统能力的影响,作者定义了公交网络中乘客的出行费用可靠性指标,以衡量不确定环境下的公交服务水平。该指标定义为在公交系统能力随机变化情况下,在给定的OD对之间,乘客能够按照预定费用顺利完成出行的概率。采用基于用户平衡准则的公交配流模型描述公交乘客的路径选择行为,给出了基于蒙特卡洛仿真的公交出行费用可靠性的计算方法。用一个算例对公交网络出行费用可靠性指标及其计算方法进行了验证。     

路面改造期间环境影响评估及用户成本分析

为了解由于公路占道作业对交通产生的影响,本文通过运用PARAMICS这一仿真软件模拟了20km长双向6车道一级公路在旧路面改造过程中三种不同交通负荷下的交通运行状况,并据此分别从环境影响及用户成本两方面定量化分析了公路占道作业给交通所带来的影响。通过定量化分析结果可以发现,在环境影响方面,机动车产生的温室效应及污染物排放随交通量的增长大致呈线性变化;在用户成本方面,公路占道作业致使路段车辆运行速度下降,从而造成一定时间内通过整段公路的所有车辆总燃油消耗减少,而总的用户成本却随交通量的增长呈非线性增加的趋势。     

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停车换乘可靠性是决定停车换乘设施能否成功吸引用户的重要因素之一.为了度量基于地铁的停车换乘可靠性,考虑了道路网上旅行时间不确定性、停车设施内搜索泊位时间不确定性和地铁车站等车不确定性,定义了“换乘可靠度”和“方式可靠度”.利用随机网络均衡分析方法模拟小汽车出行者以个人旅行时间最小为原则的旅行选择行为,包括方式选择、路径选择和停车设施选择.通过蒙特卡洛模拟和相继平均法求解均衡模型,并设计算例验证了不确定性对停车换乘分担率的显著影响.算例还分析了地铁发车频率、停车设施容量和总需求强度等因素对停车换乘可靠性的影响.