In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

A Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy with multiclass network equilibria

This paper extends the work on Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy for general road networks by considering heterogeneous users with different values of time. Mathematical programming models are proposed to find a multiclass Pareto-improving pure road space rationing scheme (MPI-PR) and multiclass hybrid rationing and pricing schemes (MHPI and MHPI-S). A numerical example with a multimodal network is provided for comparing both the efficiency and equity of the three proposed policies. We discover that MHPI-S can achieve the largest reduction in total system delay, MHPI can induce the least spatial inequity and MHPI-S is a progressive policy which is appealing to policy makers. Furthermore, numerical results reveal that different classes of users react differently to the same hybrid policies and multiclass Pareto-improving hybrid schemes yield less delay reduction when compared to their single-class counterparts.     

论公路职工教育与公路文化建设

文章针对公路行业职工教育现状,分析公路职工教育存在的问题及原因,从提高职工综合素质、加强职工＂三种文化＂建设等方面阐述了加强公路职工教育与公路文化建设的对策。     

机械类大学生创新实践及其效果分析

结合全国大学生机械创新设计大赛这一创新实践活动,阐述了通过加强创新实践,可以在一定程度上提高学生的就业竞争力和教师的实践能力,还可以增加学校的教学科研成果数量.实践表明,加强创新实践离不开学校的政策支持.     

高职专业设置问题的教育体制机制原因探析

高职专业设置中存在许多体制内外的问题,阻碍着高职教育的内涵型发展和科学发展。文中从高职教育认识误区、专业设置主体不清晰、专业设置管理内容不健全等三个方面,对高职专业设置中存在的教育体制机制缺陷产生的原因进行分析,旨在为高职专业设置管理体制机制改革提供科学依据。     

高职类汽车运用技术专业的课程开发

文中探讨和讲述了根据高职教育的教学特点和市场需求,以就业为导向开发汽车运用技术专业的专业课程。     

高职英语教学中立德树人的教育目标及实现途径

本文基于文献研究和比较分析,总结概括高职英语中立德树人的具体内涵及目标要求.结合新时代要求,提出高职英语教学中立德树人教育目标实现的四个途径:构建高职英语立德树人目标体系,在课程与教学中贯行;挖掘教材中的“立德”元素,在知识传播中培植价值观;融合德育于情景体验与活动教学中,调动学生的认知情感;改革教师、学生双向考核机制...     

基于就业导向的高职立体实践教学方案研究——以国际航运业务管理专业为例

文章在分析目前国际航运业务管理专业实践教学体系现状的基础上,通过调研就业企业和岗位的素质要求,提出了一套基于就业导向的立体化实践教学体系,以实现就业的无缝对接。     

广东地区高校动漫专业就业现状分析简

近年来动漫产业随着国家政策支持而迅速发展，动漫专业成为高校热门专业，但是动画专业却登上了就业的“红牌榜”。作者调研了广东地区十二所高校和七家动漫企业，采用调查法、文献研究法、数据统计法对就业现状进行分析，寻找原因和对策，为高校动漫专业的教学和就业提供参考。     

On the degradation of performance for traffic networks with oblivious users

We consider the problem of characterizing user equilibria and optimal solutions for routing in a given network. We extend the known models by considering users oblivious to congestion in the following sense: While in the typical user equilibrium setting the users follow a strategy that minimizes their individual cost by taking into account the (dynamic) congestion due to the current routing pattern, an oblivious user ignores congestion altogether; instead, he or she decides his routing on the basis of cheapest routes on a network without any flow whatsoever. These cheapest routes can be, for example, the shortest paths in the network without any flow. This model tries to capture the fact that a certain percentage of travelers base their route simply on the distances they observe on a map, without thinking (or knowing, or caring) about the delays experienced on this route due to their fellow travelers. In this work we study the effect of such users using as the measure of network performance its price of anarchy, i.e., the ratio of the total latency experienced by the users (oblivious or not) at equilibrium over the social optimum.