允许产品缺货、原料有批量折扣的生产库存模型

研究了原料价格有多种批量折扣,生产商进行批量采购,且每次生产至少采购1次;需求率与生产率固定,允许产品缺货条件下,生产商的最优采购策略及最优生产批量问题.模型的求解一般需要2个阶段:首先初步求出可能的最优采购批量与可能的最优生产批量,并由此得出可能的采购次数,而后求出各采购次数条件下各采购策略下的总成本,其中令总成本最低者即为所求.给出了1个算例对模型进行说明.     

工程量清单计价在城市道路建设中的应用

科学规范的工程量清单计价模式的建立和实施为工程招投标活动提供了依据,它是发包方与承包方的交易活动顺利进行的基础保障。结合银川市工程量清单计价工作的推广实践,分析工程量清单计价在应用中存在的问题及对策,对于推动工程造价管理的规范化具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑库存成本的配送中心动态选址模型及算法

为了解决传统配送中心选址没有同时考虑库存持有成本和决策环境的动态变化的问题,建立了一种新的模型。首先,利用两步骤近似方法获得(Q,R)库存策略下每一个周期配送中心的库存成本计算公式;然后,针对传统设施动态选址模型对选址成本的不恰当表示进行了修正,并与库存成本计算方法相结合,从而建立考虑库存成本的配送中心动态选址模型。最后,分别用遗传算法、克隆选择算法、粒子群优化算法求解所建立的模型,并从算法的精确度、稳定性、运算速度和收敛性比较了三种算法的性能。算例测试结果表明:所建立的模型是有效的;从总体上看,遗传算法的适应性要强于克隆选择算法和粒子群算法。     

非对称库存信息下供应链协调策略

在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链系统中,分别分析了供应商和零售商以及系统的成本,建立非对称成本信息下满足一定约束条件的协调策略模型,使供应链中各成员说真话的同时系统的成本也实现最优,最后,经过数值分析证明了协调策略模型的有效性。     

工程量清单招标方法及其特点

工程量清单招标是国际上普遍通行的招标方法,而在我国积极试行的工程量清单招标方法,大胆探索合理低价中标,符合当前建筑市场的发展所需,值得推广使用。     

A hybrid Genetic Algorithm approach to minimize the total joint cost of a single-vendor multi-customer integrated scheduling problem

This paper addresses the scheduling of supply chains with interrelated factories consisting of a single vendor and multiple customers. In this research, one transporter is available to deliver jobs from vendor to customers, and the jobs can be processed by batch. The problem studied in this paper focuses on a real-case scheduling problem of a multi-location hospital supplied with a central pharmacy. The objective of this work is to minimize the total cost, while satisfying the customer’s due dates constraints. A mathematical formulation of the problem is given as a Mixed Integer Programming model. Then, a Branch-and-Bound algorithm is proposed as an exact method for solving this problem, a greedy local search is developed as a heuristic approach, and a hybrid Genetic Algorithm is presented as a meta-heuristic. Computation experiments are conducted to highlight the performance of the proposed methods.     

液化天然气库存路径问题建模与算法

考虑液化天然气（LNG）的在途挥发、转移挥发与库存挥发对配送成本与风险的影响，根据LNG风险特性采用蒸汽爆炸模型量化库存和运输风险，并针对传统单因素风险评估方法的不足，结合多源数据（兴趣点密度、土地生产总值产出率和人口密度）构建多因素复合风险评估指标反映事故严重程度的空间异质性，建立库存路径问题双目标优化模型，实现多周期LNG库存和配送方案的联合优化。根据问题的特征，设计基于贪婪策略预优化并结合变邻域搜索（VNS）的多目标粒子群（MOPSO）混合优化算法，且通过标准测试函数对改进前后的MOPSO算法和非支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）进行比较；与NSGA-Ⅱ相比，MOPSO在结合VNS前后分别具有32%和42%的收敛性优势，结合VNS混合优化相比原始MOPSO有15%的收敛性优势。最后，以广州地区LNG加气站供应体系进行案例分析。研究结果表明：库存与运输成本存在利益背反关系，且在短暂缺货时总成本较低；忽略挥发的影响会导致小批量频繁补货，从而增加不必要的运输成本；LNG挥发成本占总成本的10%~20%，库存挥发率对成本影响较大，但对风险影响很小，当库存挥发率低于2%时投资降低挥发率带来的经济效益较大，当超过2%时，投入产出比迅速降低；风险限值约束对路径选择和成本影响较大，20%风险限值的降低带来了10%总成本的提高，但20%风险限值的提高仅降低5%的总成本，说明总成本在逐步接近不考虑风险时的最低值，存在优化上限。     

Atmospheric impact of ship traffic in four Adriatic-Ionian port-cities: Comparison and harmonization of different approaches

Shipping is a growing transport sector representing a relevant share of atmospheric pollutant emissions at global scale. In the Mediterranean Sea, shipping affects air quality of coastal urban areas with potential hazardous effects on both human health and climate. The high number of different approaches for investigating this aspect limits the comparability of results. Furthermore, limited information regarding the inter-annual trends of shipping impacts is available. In this work, an approach integrating emission inventory, numerical modelling (WRF-CAMx modelling system), and experimental measurements at high and low temporal resolution is used to investigate air quality shipping impact in the Adriatic/Ionian area focusing on four port-cities: Brindisi and Venice (Italy), Patras (Greece), and Rijeka (Croatia). Results showed shipping emissions of particulate matter (PM) and NOx comparable to road traffic emissions at all port-cities, with larger contributions to local SO₂ emissions. Contributions to PM_2.5 ranged between 0.5% (Rijeka) and 7.4% (Brindisi), those to PM₁₀ were between 0.3% (Rijeka) and 5.8% (Brindisi). Contributions to particle number concentration (PNC) showed an impact 2–4 times larger with respect to that on mass concentrations. Shipping impact on gaseous pollutants are larger than those to PM. The contribution to total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations was 82% in Venice and 56% in Brindisi, with a different partition gas-particle because of different meteorological conditions. The inter-annual trends analysis showed the primary contribution to PM concentrations decreasing, due to the implementation of the European legislation on the use of low-sulphur content fuels. This effect was not present on other pollutants like PAHs.     

Integrating multi-source maritime information to estimate ship exhaust emissions under wind,wave and current conditions

How to accurately calculate ship exhaust emissions has become urgent needs. In this paper, multi-source maritime information is integrated to estimate ship exhaust emissions under ocean environment. Influences of wind, wave and current on ship speed are firstly analyzed and mathematically modeled. Based on the influences, ocean environment information and ship trajectories are integrated to identify ship activities exactly. After that, ship activity based calculation method is present to obtain exhaust emissions from ship in various activities. Contribution ratios of different ship type and ship activities have been further discussed. In a case study of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China, greenhouse gas (CO₂, CO, SO_x, NO_x and PM) emissions from ships in 2014 calculated by the proposed method are 8.72 × 10⁵ ton, 2.07 × 10³ ton, 1.47 × 10⁴ ton, 2.60 × 10⁴ ton and 1.40 × 10³ ton respectively. The maximum error is under 10%. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can produce more accurate ship exhaust emissions than traditional method under ocean environment conditions.     

An RFID-based inventory management framework for emergency relief operations

In the aftermath of super storm Sandy, a large region from North Carolina to Maine endured food shortages, power outages, and long lines at gas stations forced to ration fuel due to low supply and high demand. These issues were largely the result of the affected transportation network’s inability to effectively cope with random and highly dynamic changes, and a lack of available resources and suppliers who were capable of enacting adequate emergency response measures. These problems experienced during super storm Sandy further underscored the need for a robust emergency inventory management system, where planning policies can be integrated with real-time on-line inventory management strategies to keep track of fluctuations of vital commodities such as food, water, medicine, fuel and power supplies. Motivated by this important problem, this paper investigates a comprehensive feedback-based emergency management framework for disasters such as super storm Sandy that provides integration with an emerging intelligent transportation systems technology, namely Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID). Within this framework, the offline-planning problem is solved by the stochastic humanitarian inventory management approach; and the online modeling strategy includes the application of a continuous time model predictive control technique. After introducing the mathematical background, the proposed framework is discussed using case studies built based on super storm Sandy in order to understand the efficiency and practicality of this RFID-based methodology. Results suggest that the methodology can properly account for and react to the rapidly changing needs for vital supplies that occur during the emergency relief operations. Based on this approach, planners and decision makers can be aware of the time delay that can happen due to disaster-related disruptions and thus maintain a safe level of buffer for vital supplies.