Vicious or virtuous circles? Exploring the vulnerability of drivers to break low urban speed limits

Levels of support for 20 mph limits in Great Britain are consistently high. However, these positive attitudes are not translating into similarly positive behaviour changes in terms of complying with these new speed limits. Recent research from the authors studied the complex relationship between support and compliance, with qualitative findings suggesting that copycat driving could create a ‘vicious circle effect’ that leads to increased levels of non-compliance. However it is also possible that an alternative ‘virtuous circle’ effect may emerge from the high levels of societal support for 20 mph limits pressurising drivers to comply with speed limits. In this work the authors investigated these issues and we report on data and analysis of a large scale survey of drivers and residents undertaken in Great Britain. We explain the origins of vicious and virtuous circles in driver behaviour and study the data from the survey, offering an analysis of attitudes and claimed behaviours that has implications for policy-makers and professionals working with low urban speed limits. We discuss the issues for speed limit enforcement, making reference to the public relations ‘battle’ for public opinion. It is concluded that normative compliance, triggered by community and other campaigning, may be the most realistic mechanism for countering the difficulties of government funding in promoting compliance.     

Activity patterns,time use,and travel of millennials: a generation in transition?

Millennials, defined in this study as those born between 1979 and 2000, became the largest population segment in the United States in 2015. Compared to recent previous generations, they have been found to travel less, own fewer cars, have lower driver’s licensure rates, and use alternative modes more. But to what extent will these differences in behaviour persist as millennials move through various phases of the lifecycle? To address this question, this paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey data series. In early adulthood, younger millennials (born 1988–1994) are found to spend significantly more time in-home than older millennials (born 1979–1985), which indicates that there are substantial differences in activity-time use patterns across generations in early adulthood. Older millennials are, however, showing activity-time use patterns similar to their prior generation counterparts as they age, although some differences – particularly in time spent as a car driver – persist. Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingering effects of the economic recession, suggesting that travel demand will resume growth in the future.     

半刚性基层材料动态模量研究

文章针对我国常用的水泥稳定碎石和二灰稳定碎石两种半刚性材料,通过大量的室内试验研究,建立了两种材料动态模量与无侧限抗压强度和静态模量的关系,为没有条件进行动态模量试验的单位进行路面结构设计提供建议。     

襄渝铁路流水河右线大桥钢吊箱施工力学效应分析

以襄渝铁路流水河右线大桥4号墩为工程背景，运用有限元法对钢吊箱施工过程进行力学效应分析。主要研究钢吊箱施工过程的稳定状况和变形状态，为施工提供数据支持，优化施工控制方案。同时对钢吊箱进行试验研究，试验结果与计算结果基本相符，说明计算模型正确。所得结论可为实际工程的计算和设计提供一定的理论参考。     

《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约》制定进展与对我国的影响分析

文中分析了《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约草案》的制定背景与进展，简要介绍了公约的内容与基本要求，介绍了国内拆船业的现状，在此基础上分析了公约生效后对我国相关行业可能产生的影响，并提出了我国在公约后续制定过程中所应采取的态度建议。     

粉煤灰和矿粉低热硅酸盐水泥胶凝材料的水化特征

采用不同掺量粉煤灰和矿粉取代低热硅酸盐水泥,制备水泥砂浆和净浆。测试砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度发展,用XRD分析水泥净浆物相组成,用恒温量热仪测试水泥净浆的放热速率和放热量。结果表明:掺入粉煤灰使低热硅酸盐水泥强度下降,强度发展速度变慢,掺入矿粉对低热硅酸盐水泥强度发展影响较小;与纯水泥体系相比,掺粉煤灰胶材体系的水化物相种类没有变化,水化产物中氢氧化钙含量下降,掺矿粉对氢氧化钙的降低作用更明显,且会促进AFm的形成;粉煤灰和矿粉可降低低热硅酸盐水泥水化放热速率和放热量,粉煤灰对水化进程影响不明显,矿粉对水化进程有促进作用。     

坡地基上粉煤灰路堤稳定性分析

结合正在建设的遵毕高速公路的工程实际,使用PLAXIS有限元软件对影响斜坡地基上纯粉煤灰路堤稳定性的地基参数进行分析以期获得合理的计算参数,为类似工程中路堤的稳定性分析及地基参数选取提供参考。     

大跨度预应力混凝土连续刚构桥动力特性及P-Δ效应分析

以某已建成的连续刚构桥为研究对象,采用Midas/civil 2010有限元程序,建立连续刚构桥有限元模型,分析了连续刚构桥采用钢筋混凝土双薄壁实心墩、双薄壁空心墩和单柱式空心墩三种截面形式的动力特性和分别在纵向地震和横桥向地震作用下结构的P Δ效应。研究结果表明:三种不同截面类型的桥梁自振频率依次增大,不同的桥墩截面形式使桥梁结构的振型序列发生变化;在三种桥墩截面形式下,考虑P-Δ效应后,对纵向地震响应的影响显著而对横向地震响应的影响较小,但P-Δ效应并不影响桥梁结构的时程曲线趋势。     

水泥粉煤灰稳定煤矸石级配设计研究

为将水泥粉煤灰稳定煤矸石更好地应用到道路基层,需对其级配进行优化设计．文中以混合料形成骨架密实结构为目标进行粗集料级配设计,以k法为基本理论进行细集料级配设计,最后综合粗集料与水泥粉煤灰砂浆配合比例,提出水泥粉煤灰稳定煤矸石总的级配设计曲线,具有一定的普遍性和实用价值．     

矿物掺合料对低强度高性能混凝土耐久性能的影响

设计了4组C30强度高性能混凝土配合比,开展了混凝土拌合物性能、强度、抗裂性能、抗冻融性能、氯离子含量、电通量试验,分析了不同掺量矿物掺合料对低强度高性能混凝土力学和耐久性能的影响。矿物掺合料总掺量为40%～50%时,低强度高性能混凝土耐久性能最好。