An experimental study of wave-in-deck loading and its dependence on the properties of the topside structure

This paper concerns the largest and arguably the most threatening wave loading component experienced by a broad range of offshore structures. It arises when an incident wave crest exceeds the elevation of the underside of the deck structure, leading to direct wave-in-deck (WID) loading. The extent of this loading may be limited to the partial submergence of some of the lowermost deck beams, or could involve the large-scale inundation of the entire deck area. Either way, very large loads can arise which must be taken into account when assessing the reliability of the structure. In an earlier contribution Ma and Swan (2020) provided an extensive laboratory study exploring the variation of these loads with the properties of the incident wave. The present paper describes a second stage of this experimental study in which the variation of the WID loads with the properties of the topside structure is addressed. Specifically, it considers the porosity, position and orientation of the topside relative to the incident wave conditions, and seeks to explore both the variations in the maximum load and the loading time–history resulting from these changes.Given the highly transitory nature of a WID loading event, coupled with the fact that the problem is governed by flow conditions at, or very close to, the instantaneous water surface, the loading process is driven by an exchange of momentum from the wave crest to the topside structure. A recently developed WID load model, based on exactly these arguments (Ma and Swan 2020), is used alongside the laboratory data to provide a break-down of the load into its component parts. This provides an enhanced physical understanding of the resulting load time–history. The first part of the study is based upon an idealised generic topside structure, allowing a systematic variation in key parameters, particularly porosity. The second part addresses a realistic topside structure demonstrating the practical relevance of earlier work. Taken together, the analysis clearly establishes the importance of the topside porosity, clarifies the spatial effects associated with the evolution of a large ocean wave beneath the plan area of a structure and explains the unexpected occurrence of impact-type loading on topside structures having a high porosity. Most importantly, the paper highlights those properties of a topside structure which must be incorporated if the WID loads are to be accurately predicted.     

中国交通运输业能源回弹效应研究

为厘清中国交通运输业能源消耗量攀升的原因,本文应用中国交通运输业1991-2014年的数据,基于超越对数生产函数估计出各投入要素的产出弹性和技术进步对产出增长的贡献率,进而测算出中国交通运输业的能源回弹效应.研究结果表明,样本期内中国交通运输业存在较为严重的要素错配与效率损失;中国交通运输业仅有少数年份出现了回弹效应,且有"回火"情形出现;多数年份里中国交通运输业由于能源效率无改善或技术无进步而未形成能源回弹效应,中国交通运输业能源消耗量攀升的主要原因在于行业"高增长、高能耗"的粗放式发展方式.     

Investigation on the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment for a wave-piercing tumblehome vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test

Although the nonlinear effects of the ship motions, wave-induced loads and structural responses of conventional vessels have been investigated experimentally and numerically in recent years, similar studies on the wave-piercing tumblehome (WPTH) vessels are rare, in spite of the urgent necessary due to their extensive applications. This paper experimentally investigated the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment (VBM) for a WPTH vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test. The model test was carried out in head regular waves for three amplitudes, in the towing tank at Harbin Engineering University. Based on the band-pass filter technique, four kinds of decomposed harmonics are defined by mean offset, linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibration. Meanwhile, based on mean offset, three kinds of combined responses are defined by considering linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibrations step by step. The transfer functions of vertical motions and VBM are presented as function of the incident wave frequency, and the measured data and VBM were compared with numerical calculations for validation. With the method proposed above, the results of VBM are analyzed by focusing on the influences of decomposed harmonics on the amplitudes and asymmetry of combined responses. Strong nonlinear effects are observed in the VBM. The nonlinearity of VBM can be identified by the significant amplitudes of decomposed harmonics, variation of amplitude with the wave amplitude and remarkable asymmetry about the zero axis. The hogging VBM of WPTH vessel can be even larger than the sagging VBM, which is in contrast to the general experiences from conventional vessels. Combined the calculated relative motion with the decomposed and combined histories of VBM, the occurrence of the transient impact and its characteristics are discussed, and these are then used to analyze the unconventional asymmetry of VBM. Furthermore, the influences of the bow shape over the vertical motions and VBM are discussed. At the end of the paper, the uncertainties in the test are provided.     

船舶结构疲劳强度校核研究现状及我国的进展

对考虑腐蚀、疲劳损伤影响下船体结构可靠性分析层面的研究现状进行梳理和概述。通过综述发现：近年来,船体结构可靠性分析的对象已由拟建船体向现役船体结构方向扩展,且研究重心开始由腐蚀、疲劳损伤单一影响下的可靠性分析向两者交互作用影响下的可靠性分析方向发展。未来开展腐蚀、疲劳损伤下船体结构可靠性研究工作的重点将主要体现在以下4个方面：1）点蚀损伤船体结构破坏机理及对应的评估方法研究;2）腐蚀、疲劳损伤交互作用下的船体结构破坏机理研究;3）基于有限的实船损伤勘验数据,开展合理、可行的可靠性评估方法研究,进行船体结构全寿命周期内综合损伤下的可靠性分析;4）建立不同服役环境、服役期限的实船腐蚀、疲劳损伤数据库。     

基于实验的二维八边形液舱晃荡比尺效应研究

文章针对二维八边形液舱晃荡冲击的比尺效应开展了实验研究。实验根据弗劳德相似准则分别选择1:1原型液舱与1:2和1:3两个比尺模型液舱,在横荡单次冲击外激激励的作用下,考虑80%危险载液率分别对流体冲击侧壁、上斜板和顶板时的晃荡荷载与冲击波形进行了比尺效应对比分析。分析结果表明,冲击过程中,如果原型液舱和缩比模型液舱中对应冲击壁面处于流体中,包裹的气泡越少,冲击压力峰值由模型还原到原型时更接近于原型实验实测值;若考虑整个冲击过程中的流场形态,应尽可能选择大比尺液舱来开展晃荡模型实验。     

Modelling the relationship between travel behaviours and social disadvantage

The purpose of this paper is to model the travel behaviour of socially disadvantaged population segments in the United Kingdom (UK) using the data from the UK National Travel Survey 2002–2010. This was achieved by introducing additional socioeconomic variables into a standard national-level trip end model (TEM) and using purpose-based analysis of the travel behaviours of certain key socially disadvantaged groups. Specifically the paper aims to explore how far the economic and social disadvantages of these individuals can be used to explain the inequalities in their travel behaviours.The models demonstrated important differences in travel behaviours according to household income, presence of children in the household, possession of a driver’s licence and belonging to a vulnerable population group, such as being disabled, non-white or having single parent household status. In the case of household income, there was a non-linear relationship with trip frequency and a linear one with distance travelled. The recent economic austerity measures that have been introduced in the UK and many other European countries have led to major cutbacks in public subsidies for socially necessary transport services, making results such as these increasingly important for transport policy decision-making. The results indicate that the inclusion of additional socioeconomic variables is useful for identifying significant differences in the trip patterns and distances travelled by low-income.     

城市轨道交通新建线路对沿线住宅价格增值的时空效应

定量分析城市轨道交通对沿线土地价值的影响,是通过土地价值捕获将外部效益内部化, 解决中国新型城镇化过程中城市轨道交通财务可持续的关键问题。本文在开源数据环境下,获 取2011—2016年北京市二手房交易数据,采用特征价格模型(HPM)分析北京城市轨道交通新建 线路对沿线住宅价格增值的时空效应。研究表明：与全局常参数的多元线性回归模型(MLR)、空 间滞后模型(SLM)、空间误差模型(SEM)和空间杜宾模型(SDM)相比,局部变参数的地理加权回归 模型(GWR)拟合效果更优,可以更好地消除残差的空间效应,刻画轨道交通与土地价值关系的空 间异质性。城市轨道交通带来的可达性提升对沿线80%以上住宅小区的房价具有显著的正效 应,住宅价格增值比率随地铁站距离递远递减,且具有显著的空间异质性。轨道交通对住宅价格 的影响在空间上具有网络化效应,新建线路不仅会改变周边房价,对城轨网络其他位置的住宅也 具有影响。城市轨道交通对住宅价格的影响范围为1 km,在该范围内,住宅价格受到的增值效应 在 2011—2016 年基本稳定,约为 3%;受新线直接影响区域的住宅价格会产生相对更大的提升 (0.02%~0.22%)。     

The impact of Low Emission Zones on particulate matter concentration and public health

A common policy for reducing particulate matter concentrations in the European Union is the introduction of Low Emission Zones (LEZs), which may only be entered by vehicles meeting predefined emission standards. This paper examines the effectiveness of LEZs for reducing PM₁₀ levels in urban areas in Germany and quantifies the associated health impacts from reduced air pollution within the zones. We employ a fixed effects panel data model for daily observations of PM₁₀ concentrations from 2000 to 2009 and control, inter alia, for local meteorological conditions and traffic volume. We apply the regression outputs to a concentration response function derived from the epidemiological literature to calculate associated health impacts of the introduction of LEZs in 25 German cities with 3.96 million inhabitants. Associated uncertainties are accounted for in Monte-Carlo simulations. It is found that the introduction of LEZs has significantly reduced inner city PM₁₀ levels. We estimate the total mean health impact from reduced air pollution in 2010 due to the introduction of stage 1 zones to be ∼760 million EUR in the 25 LEZ cities in the sample, whereas total mean health benefits are ∼2.4 billion EUR for the more stringent stage 2 zones when applied in the same cities.     

大跨度桥梁主梁涡激振动影响因素研究进展

现代大跨桥梁跨度更大、结构更轻柔、自振频率较低且密集,在较低风速下主梁易发生涡激振动现象。涡激振动是一种带有自激、自限特性的非线性振动,影响涡激振动响应的因素较多如雷诺数效应、紊流特性及主梁断面形式等。介绍了近期大跨度桥梁主梁涡激振动影响因素的研究进展,为抗风设计及抑振措施提供参考。     

人和场隧道掘进爆破的地震效应试验研究

针对穿越立交桥的人和场隧道掘进爆破必须严格控制地表振动速度的要求,进行了爆破地震效应的现场试验。通过测量掘进爆破引起的不同位置处的地表振速波形,研究该掘进区域内的爆破地震波衰减规律,对比分析不同微差时间的振速波形的变化特征,由此确定出允许的单段最大装药量为20kg,合理的微差时间为不小于50ms。