钢檩条设计中的若干问题

轻型屋面钢檩条的竖向荷载、整体稳定性计算以及檩条与屋面梁、屋架的连接构造是设计的重要环节,本文结合规范和国家标准设计图的编制提出若干问题,供参考.     

中国TBM施工技术进展、挑战及对策

总结我国近30年来TBM设计与施工技术的发展历程,可归纳为以下5个阶段:1)研发探索和试用阶段;2)以国外施工承包商为主体,采用国外设计制造TBM施工我国隧道工程阶段;3)独立进行TBM招标采购和选型设计,并建立起自主的TBM施工队伍阶段;4)与国外厂家联合设计制造TBM,工程应用和自主施工快速发展阶段;5)实现TBM国产化,面向国内外TBM工程市场自主施工阶段。通过我国不同时期TBM施工的典型工程,介绍我国在复杂地质、大坡度、高海拔、不同直径、不同机型、超长隧洞TBM施工方面取得的经验、技术积累和业绩,展示我国TBM在穿越断层破碎带、软弱变形、岩爆、涌水等不良地质洞段取得的一系列施工新技术,以及最高月进尺1 868 m、平均月进尺超过600 m和掘进作业利用率超过40%的掘进技术水平。分析TBM在极硬岩、大断层破碎带、软弱大变形围岩、强岩爆围岩、涌水突泥洞段、高地热隧洞和超长隧洞工程中施工面临的风险和挑战,并提出一些相应的技术措施和对策,期望这些措施和对策在未来大量实际工程中进一步得到实践验证、优化和改进,不断积累和创新TBM设计与施工新技术。     

基于灰色理论的雪山梁隧道施工过程渗漏水水源识别研究

为了解决黄龙景区雪山梁隧道开挖过程中的涌水水源识别问题,结合黄龙景区雪山梁隧道的相关施工资料,依据已有的地质资料和涌突水预测,通过水分析化学实验,采用灰色理论计算方法研究不同水系之间的关联度;而后针对单一水源和混合水源分别进行试验和分析,得出雪山梁隧道出口段内渗漏水来源最可能为大气降水,关联度较高的还有淘金沟上游水系和隧道出口处水系;最后进行比对,得出隧道渗漏水主要来源是大气降水和淘金沟上游水体的结论,并依据现场资料及实地踏勘,验证了灰色理论分析结果的可靠性。     

薄基岩顶板隧道爆破施工围岩稳定性分析

为更有效地进行薄基岩顶板条件下隧道施工安全控制,以某高速公路隧道为工程背景,运用数值模拟的方法,分别研究不同顶板厚度下隧道爆破施工引起的围岩振速分布特征及其对围岩的损伤情况,并进行围岩稳定性分析。结果表明:1)当顶板厚度在5 m及以上时,围岩是稳定的;2)当顶板厚度为3 m时,最危险横断面上基岩顶板内开始产生严重的拉伸裂缝及一些径向裂缝,将形成超挖;3)当顶板厚度≤2 m时,径向裂缝贯穿顶板岩体,围岩稳定性较差,在掌子面后1 m内可能发生塌落、掉块等事故。     

漫谈矿山法隧道技术第十四讲——隧道涌水及其控制方法

分析制定隧道控制地下水对策的基本观点:既要考虑隧道施工对地下水的影响,也要考虑地下水对隧道施工的影响。指出控制地下水的对策必须符合3个条件:1)确保施工作业安全、顺利地开展;2)不对周边环境产生有害的影响;3)以合理的工费和工期来实现。隧道涌水视其发生位置、涌水量、发生时期、涌水量的历时变化等是各种各样的,应对隧道涌水进行合理分类,以便有的放矢地采取相应的对策。介绍了日本统计的地质构造和涌水现象的分类。涌水处理应达到3个基本目标:1)确保隧道施工在无水的条件下进行,或者是在可以接受的渗漏水条件下进行,或者是在对周边环境"可接受干扰"的条件下进行;2)二次衬砌原则上不承受水压作用,不得已时把水压控制在二次衬砌容许的范围内;3)运营中的隧道洞内不能成为地下水流经的通道,隧道衬砌背后必须形成一个纵横交错的、不易堵塞的、通畅的排水系统。达到上述目标的基本方法是:充分利用和提高围岩的隔水性能,合理地处理好"排"与"堵"的关系。针对涌水处理的3个基本目标,分别介绍了国内外相应的经验和措施。1)一些国家的指南、标准对隧道的涌水量进行了分级,认为涌水量≤2.5 L/(min·m)时基本上可以认为是在无水条件下施工;一般的线状流水、经常涌水可以用自然排水法排水;而针对突发大量涌水,则需要采取特殊的地下水对策予以解决。2)按照二次衬砌是否承受水压,隧道可分为3种情况:1衬砌不承受水压,即所谓的完全排水型隧道;2衬砌承受全部水压,即所谓的非排水型(防水型)隧道;3衬砌背后设置注浆域,分担衬砌承受的水压,衬砌只承受部分容许的水压。从目前的隧道设计实际来看,在山岭隧道中多数采用方案1,在城市隧道中多数采用方案2,在高水压和突发大量涌水的极端情况下采用方案3。介绍了日本、美国的设计经验。3)我国铁路隧道采用把地下水引入隧道,再从洞内两侧边墙附近设置的排水沟排出地下水的做法是值得商榷的;特别是在可能发生冻害的地区,更不可取。在国外,日本、德国、法国等国家的铁路、公路隧道基本上是把中央排水管设置在仰拱内或仰拱下方,而在隧道两侧只留有用于排出流入隧道内的雨水或隧道清洗水的排水沟;因此,建议立项研究取消洞内排水沟,设置中央或两侧脚部排水管的问题。最后指出,实现涌水处理的3个基本目标我们尚需努力,特别是"目标"的定位问题,尚需进行基础性的研究才能解决。在隧道施工中,涌水是不可避免的、客观存在的现象,我们积累的经验非常丰富,但缺乏系统的、认真的总结和归纳。     

Magneto-rheological suspensions for improving ground vehicle’s ride comfort,stability, and handling

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the-art discussion on the applications of magneto-rheological (MR) suspensions for improving ride comfort, handling, and stability in ground vehicles is discussed for both road and rail applications. A historical perspective on the discovery and engineering development of MR fluids is presented, followed by some of the common methods for modelling their non-Newtonian behaviour. The common modes of the MR fluids are discussed, along with the application of the fluid in valve mode for ground vehicles’ dampers (or shock absorbers). The applications span across nearly all road vehicles, including automobiles, trains, semi-trucks, motorcycles, and even bicycles. For each type of vehicle, the results of some of the past studies is presented briefly, with reference to the originating study. It is discussed that Past experimental and modelling studies have indicated that MR suspensions provide clear advantages for ground vehicles that far surpasses the performance of passive suspension. For rail vehicles, the primary advantage is in terms of increasing the speed at which the onset of hunting occurs, whereas for road vehicles – mainly automobiles – the performance improvements are in terms of a better balance between vehicle ride, handling, and stability. To further elaborate on this point, a single-suspension model is used to develop an index-based approach for studying the compromise that is offered by vehicle suspensions, using the H₂ optimisation approach. Evaluating three indices based on the sprung-mass acceleration, suspension rattlespace, and tyre deflection, it is clearly demonstrated that MR suspensions significantly improve road vehicle’s ride comfort, stability, and handling in comparison with passive suspensions. For rail vehicles, the simulation results indicate that using MR suspensions with an on-off switching control can increase the speed at which the on-set of hunting occurs by as much as 50% to more than 300%.     

A study on the stability of a motorcycle wheel–swingarm suspension with chain transmission

The present study describes a possible driving mechanism for a self-excited oscillation observed in motorcycle dynamics, often referred to as chatter. This phenomenon, affecting the performance of road racing motorcycles, has been simulated in straight running braking manoeuvres with multibody motorcycle models. It involves rear suspension bounce and driveline oscillation in the frequency range between 17 and 22?Hz. A simplified model of a motorcycle rear suspension with chain transmission is proposed and its stability in equilibrium configurations is studied via eigenvalue analysis. The sensitivity with respect to all its governing parameters is analysed by means of stability maps and the self-excitation mechanism is explained with the aid of energy balance analysis and phase diagrams. It is found that the key role for the instability onset is played by the gradient of the nonlinear characteristic slip function of the tyre.     

船舶海水管系的腐蚀问题及防止措施

船舶海水管系的腐蚀问题是影响使用和维修费用的重要因素。文章针对目前海水管系腐蚀情况,主要分析了船舶管系腐蚀特点和机理,并推断了的影响腐蚀的主要因素,同时提出了几种防腐措施,可供参考。     

桩基施工中的坍孔原因与预防措施

对在一般河流上钻(冲)孔过程中出现坍孔原因进行分析,并提出了坍孔预防措施.     

Simulation and analysis of vehicle stability based on ADAMS/CAR differential brake

To improve the braking safety of automobiles, the author studied the effect of differential brake on the stabilities. To analyze the mechanical characteristics of differential brake, automotive subsystem models were built by applying ADAMS/CAR, and automotive mechanics simulation model was built by setting the main subsystems such as body, engine and brake. The simulation model studied the distribution mode of three kinds of differential brake, and beeline braking stability and turning braking stability were simulated. It shows that differential brake can amend turning shortage of automobile brake and improve its braking stability, but the effect of automobile mass on its braking stability is great. So the distribution mode of braking force and the effect of mass change should be considered while differential brake is applied.