锚泊时船舶放链长度的确定及其实用图表

本文给出了船舶锚泊时所受到的风作用力、水作用力和放出锚链长度的计算公式,以及实用数表和曲线图,可供查取。数表和曲线是根据文中确定的如下关系式编绘:L_b≈1/2Ln;L≈1.5L。(其中L_b——卧底锚链长度;L_n——悬垂锚链长度;L——放出锚链总长度)。十一例实船计算表明,根据上式计算结果,与目前国内外通用的方法确定的放链长度相符。利用这些数表和曲线图,既可合理地确定不同海况下船舶所应放出的锚链长度,也可减少起锚时的功率消耗和缩短起锚时间。     

水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究

为了研究超空泡的减阻效果,保证在较低流速下生成超空泡,在水洞中开展了水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究.采用通气的方法在较低水速下(V=7-15 m/s)生成人工通气超空泡,通过改变通气率和弗洛德数,获得了不同条件下通气空泡的长度,给出了通气空泡长度与通气率及弗洛德数的经验公式.研究表明,来流速度不变时,空泡长度随通气率的增加而增加,空泡长度一定时,通气率随弗洛德数的增加而减少;重力场造成了空泡形态的严重不对称,通过比较相同空化数下自然空泡与通气空泡的长度,定量地给出了弗洛德数对通气空泡长度的影响.当Fr=43.74时,重力场对通气空泡长度的影响几乎可以忽略.     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

库水位循环作用下架空斜坡式码头力学性能研究

依托云南省富宁港一期工程,建立架空斜坡式码头三维有限元模型。基于水岩相互作用,考虑岸坡岩土体在库水位循环作用下的劣化损伤,定性分析得到架空斜坡式码头桩基及轨道梁的弯矩、剪力及轴力变化特点,为进一步研究库水位循环作用下架空斜坡式码头整体性能及力学退化特性提供基础,为实际工程中库区码头运营后的监测及防护提供建议。     

水中墩施工技术的灵活运用

水中施工因其隐蔽性、水流因素等带来的不稳定性,使水中施工方案的选定尤为重要。文章详细阐述了内蒙古临河黄河大桥各种水中施工方案,结合经济成本、质量控制、施工安全等方面分别采取了钢套箱、钢吊箱和钢板桩围堰等施工工艺。     

减水剂与水泥适应性研究现状

减水剂与水泥的适应性是一个相当复杂的问题,即使它们都完全符合相关标准的规定,但同时作为配置混凝土的原材料时,就可能出现不适应的现象。为了在实际工程中得到更好的应用,文章从减水剂与水泥两方面讨论了影响它们之间适应性的因素,并提出改善适应性问题的措施。     

浅谈气水脉冲清洗技术及其应用

该文介绍非开挖管道修复技术的发展现状及前景,阐述了其中气水脉冲清洗技术原理,并结合具体事例说明了气水脉冲清洗技术在大口径给水管线中运用的效果和意义。     

城市供水管道抗震可靠度评估方法与应用

该文针对城市供水管道地震破坏机理,介绍常用的经验评估方法,以及理论分析评估方法的思路。采用我国现行管道抗震设计规范的理论计算模型,以结构可靠度分析的一次二阶矩方法的思想,考虑了管道抗力、场地条件、管土相互作用的随机特性,给出了城市供水管道抗震可靠度评估的验算点法的计算过程。对计算过程中参数进行了敏感性分析,确定参数的重要性。最后与日本水道协会(JWWA)经验方法进行对比,证明方法的可行性,并对规范理论计算方法提出一些建议。     

某隧道内溶洞涌水突泥处治方案设计

山岭隧道内的岩溶水害是诸多岩溶病害问题中的突出、复杂问题。此文结合溆浦至怀化高速公路控制性工程关虎冲隧道出现的大型岩溶涌水病害,对如何安全有效的处理溶洞大量涌水突泥问题进行了方案设计。在山岭公路隧道中首次提出了抗水压衬砌方案,可供同类工程参考,应用。     

关于城市雨水工程设计的思考

现代城市居民已逐渐把快速有效的雨水排放看做是一种必不可少的公共事业。城市地表径流排放因其水量大和多变性成为一项复杂的任务。城市雨水系统设计需要确定径流的大小、分布,最大径流量是设计雨水设施至关重要的依据。