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31.
刘丽 《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007,15(6):48-56
西方发达国家先后经历了"自由法治国"和"福利法治国"两个时期,目前正在进行着福利国的反思与危机处理。因为,福利法治国不仅使国家机构急剧膨胀和税权的非理性扩张,而且也导致了"议会行政化"和"行政的立法化"。相比而言,我国虽然是"单位型"福利模式,远未达到西方"福利国"的社会形态,但却同样面临着税权的规范和控制问题亟待解决。为了消除城乡和区域差距,实现统筹发展,中国必须首先实现税权监督的法治化、民主化及程序化。 相似文献
32.
为研究不同群体,即一般群体和特殊群体(老年人、残疾人、学生)的票价方案和补贴问题,本文考虑不同群体的差异性,以各群体的票价折扣率和列车开行间隔为决策变量,构建基于群体差异化的运营补贴优化模型,以社会福利最大化为目标,优化各群体的票价折扣率、企业的服务水平及政府的补贴额度,确保各群体获得合适的补贴,实现公共交通出行的公平性。综合考虑城市轨道交通运输能力约束、政府财政约束及不同群体票价折扣率约束,设计了基于模拟退火算法的求解算法。以长沙地铁2号线为例,分析比较不同群体的票价折扣率,提出基于列车运行计划的福利票价方案。研究结果表明,一般群体不享受折扣,残疾人4折优惠,老年人2折优惠及学生6折优惠,交通特殊群体的出行比分别提升了1.06%,2.86%及1.94%。政府在实施补贴政策时,可以通过不同群体的票价福利措施和企业的服务水平确定补贴额度。 相似文献
33.
地铁作为一项准公共产品,其票价的制定一直备受关注。以北京地铁为例,结合地铁的经济学特性,运用比较分析法对地铁票制进行经济学分析。首先,对低廉通票制涨价前后的社会福利变化进行经济学分析,得出涨价后的社会福利下降。其次,对低廉通票制转为计程票制后的社会福利变化进行经济学分析,得出当价格弹性为零时,社会福利不变;当价格弹性为负时,会有一部分的社会福利损失。最后,结合影响地铁票价制定的各项因素,为地铁票价的制定提出了政策建议。 相似文献
34.
坚持公交优先是北京市交通发展的基本政策。顺义区作为北京市首批建设的重点新城之一,城市公共交通是支撑社会经济发展、人民生产生活的重要基础设施。构建高效、便捷、先进的公共交通系统是推进新城建设平稳、快速发展的重要保障。为此,应理顺管理体制、恢复公共交通的公益性、全面落实公交优先发展政策,实现公共交通规范化发展。 相似文献
35.
城市轨道交通补贴是公共交通运营管理和组织的重要基础,寻求城市轨道交通补贴这一科学问题的优化理论和方法,成为政府实施补贴方案和提升企业管理水平的重要手段。基于此,结合城市轨道交通实际运营系统中关键要素,深入揭示“客流需求”、“企业运行计划”和“政府补贴方案”之间的关系,并考虑城市轨道交通系统中客流出行距离的影响,构造基于乘客出行距离的补贴优化模型。依据里程补贴优化模型特点,设计相应的启发式求解算法。以长沙地铁2号线为例,分析所提里程补贴方案对客流出行行为和运营系统的影响,验证优化模型及算法的正确性和有效性。此外,以固定补贴方案为比较对象,研究结果表明：1) 所提出的里程补贴方案比固定补贴方案适用性更高,能够吸引更多的客流出行,运营效益有所提高,所需的补贴额度显著降低;2) 2种补贴方案下客流集中度存在显著差异,固定补贴方案吸引短距离出行的客流,而里程补贴方案更吸引长距离出行的客流。研究成果可为公共交通“合理补贴”方案的制定和实施提供理论支持和决策依据。 相似文献
36.
评析与探讨ILO新海事劳工公约 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
评析了国际海事劳工组织(ILO)通过的新的《海事劳工公约》、产生的背景、公约的构架与主要内容,探讨了公约的主要特点,公约将带来的影响和变化,以及公约生效后政府主管机关、船公司、海员以及有关航海院校、研究机构应采取哪些履约措施。指出各方面应重视公约的出台,并积极采取相应的行动,以满足即将生效的公约的要求,从而保障海员的基本权利,使海员在船工作更舒适、更安全、更“体面”。 相似文献
37.
Francisco?Javier?Amador Rosa?Marina?González Juan?de?Dios?OrtúzarEmail author 《Transportation》2005,32(6):627-647
We examined different model specifications to detect the presence of preference heterogeneity in a mode choice context. The specification that worked best allows for both systematic and random variations in tastes, with parameters obtained at the individual level using Bayesian methods. Subjective values of travel time (SVT) and expected individual compensated variation were derived and aggregated to obtain measures of social welfare. Results suggest that the benefit measures, both at the individual and at the social level, are sensitive to preference heterogeneity assumptions. SVT and welfare changes derived from travel time reductions could be underestimated if the traditional assumption of taste homogeneity is made (we detected differences up to 30% in both types of measures). We also obtained an empirical value for the error made when evaluating changes in social welfare using an approximation of the expected individual compensated variation (expressed as a function of individual SVT) rather than its exact expression. 相似文献
38.
We compare two common ways of incorporating service frequency into models of airline competition. One is based on the so called s-curve, in which, all else equal, market shares are determined by frequency shares. The other is based on schedule delay—the time difference between when travelers wish to travel and when flights are available. We develop competition models that differ only with regard to which of the above approaches is used to capture the effect of frequency. The demand side of both models is an approximation of a nested logit model which yields endogenous travel demand by including not traveling in the choice set. We find symmetric competitive equilibrium for both models analytically, and compare their predictions concerning market frequency with empirical evidence. In contrast to the s-curve model, the schedule delay model depicts a more plausible relationship between market share and frequency share and accurately predicts observed patterns of supply side behavior. Moreover, the predictions from both models are largely the same if we employ numerical versions of the model that capture real-world aspects of competition. We also find that, for either model, the relationship between airline frequency and market traffic is the same whether frequency is determined by competitive equilibrium, social optimality, or social optimality with a break-even constraint. 相似文献
39.
This papers attempts to quantify the equity effect of a hypothesized economic instrument, a carbon charge on car commuters, for reducing carbon dioxide emissions produced by commuters on airport surface access. Manchester Airport is taken as a case study using staff Survey data from 2008 and 2010. Consumer welfare change is analysed for measuring the equity effects of carbon charge by user group, which considers the changes of travel mode choice, the carbon dioxide emissions reduction, the revenue from a carbon charge and how it is distributed. First, the individual carbon footprint in terms of gram passenger kilometre, and the damage cost of carbon by commuters on airport surface access are estimated. Next, the impact of carbon charge on travel behaviour is investigated by the nested logit model. Finally, the net effect of carbon charges is assessed by travel mode user, gender, job type, and age group. The results show some impacts of the carbon charge on car users and carbon reduction, and the positive effects on lower income group and less carbon commuters. The quantified results provide the evidences for the mitigation policies to combine monetary incentives with disincentives for travel behaviour change, and demonstrate the different equity effects among commuter groups. 相似文献
40.
铁路货运集中化的经济性分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
分析了铁路货运集中化对铁路货物运输需求和供给的影响, 认为铁路货运集中化后, 铁路货运需求在短期内将保持稳定, 从长期看应有所增长; 同时铁路货运集中化可增加铁路运输企业供给能力。进一步运用福利经济学原理, 分析了铁路货运集中化前后消费者剩余、生产者剩余和社会总剩余的变化, 得出铁路货运集中化会使社会总福利增加。因此, 铁路推行货物运输集中化是一种帕雷托改进, 既有利于铁路运输企业自身的发展, 又能对社会其它部门产生积极作用 相似文献