西方福利国家危机对中国控税的启示

西方发达国家先后经历了"自由法治国"和"福利法治国"两个时期,目前正在进行着福利国的反思与危机处理。因为,福利法治国不仅使国家机构急剧膨胀和税权的非理性扩张,而且也导致了"议会行政化"和"行政的立法化"。相比而言,我国虽然是"单位型"福利模式,远未达到西方"福利国"的社会形态,但却同样面临着税权的规范和控制问题亟待解决。为了消除城乡和区域差距,实现统筹发展,中国必须首先实现税权监督的法治化、民主化及程序化。     

Measuring the equity effects of a carbon charge on car commuters: A case study of Manchester Airport

This papers attempts to quantify the equity effect of a hypothesized economic instrument, a carbon charge on car commuters, for reducing carbon dioxide emissions produced by commuters on airport surface access. Manchester Airport is taken as a case study using staff Survey data from 2008 and 2010. Consumer welfare change is analysed for measuring the equity effects of carbon charge by user group, which considers the changes of travel mode choice, the carbon dioxide emissions reduction, the revenue from a carbon charge and how it is distributed. First, the individual carbon footprint in terms of gram passenger kilometre, and the damage cost of carbon by commuters on airport surface access are estimated. Next, the impact of carbon charge on travel behaviour is investigated by the nested logit model. Finally, the net effect of carbon charges is assessed by travel mode user, gender, job type, and age group. The results show some impacts of the carbon charge on car users and carbon reduction, and the positive effects on lower income group and less carbon commuters. The quantified results provide the evidences for the mitigation policies to combine monetary incentives with disincentives for travel behaviour change, and demonstrate the different equity effects among commuter groups.     

Airline competition and market frequency: A comparison of the s-curve and schedule delay models

We compare two common ways of incorporating service frequency into models of airline competition. One is based on the so called s-curve, in which, all else equal, market shares are determined by frequency shares. The other is based on schedule delay—the time difference between when travelers wish to travel and when flights are available. We develop competition models that differ only with regard to which of the above approaches is used to capture the effect of frequency. The demand side of both models is an approximation of a nested logit model which yields endogenous travel demand by including not traveling in the choice set. We find symmetric competitive equilibrium for both models analytically, and compare their predictions concerning market frequency with empirical evidence. In contrast to the s-curve model, the schedule delay model depicts a more plausible relationship between market share and frequency share and accurately predicts observed patterns of supply side behavior. Moreover, the predictions from both models are largely the same if we employ numerical versions of the model that capture real-world aspects of competition. We also find that, for either model, the relationship between airline frequency and market traffic is the same whether frequency is determined by competitive equilibrium, social optimality, or social optimality with a break-even constraint.     

打车软件使用率对出租车社会福利的影响

出租车行业的社会福利主要由出租车剩余价值与乘客剩余价值构成,为了量化打车软件这一新型电召服务模式对社会福利的影响,本文采用柯布—道格拉斯函数为出租车实载里程表达形式,得到出租车出行需求函数,然后考虑打车软件使用率对空驶里程的影响,最终构建出租车与乘客的剩余价值模型.通过成都某区域实例数据得出,当打车软件的使用率从0变化到100%,出租车剩余价值增加23%,乘客剩余价值减小6.4%,社会总福利减小3%.计算结果表明,该模型具有可行性与有效性,可为行业规划与管理中对打车软件这类新型服务模式提供引导方式,对出租车的价格调整等提供决策依据.     

地铁票制的经济学分析及政策建议

地铁作为一项准公共产品,其票价的制定一直备受关注。以北京地铁为例,结合地铁的经济学特性,运用比较分析法对地铁票制进行经济学分析。首先,对低廉通票制涨价前后的社会福利变化进行经济学分析,得出涨价后的社会福利下降。其次,对低廉通票制转为计程票制后的社会福利变化进行经济学分析,得出当价格弹性为零时,社会福利不变;当价格弹性为负时,会有一部分的社会福利损失。最后,结合影响地铁票价制定的各项因素,为地铁票价的制定提出了政策建议。     

评析与探讨ILO新海事劳工公约

评析了国际海事劳工组织(ILO)通过的新的《海事劳工公约》、产生的背景、公约的构架与主要内容,探讨了公约的主要特点,公约将带来的影响和变化,以及公约生效后政府主管机关、船公司、海员以及有关航海院校、研究机构应采取哪些履约措施。指出各方面应重视公约的出台,并积极采取相应的行动,以满足即将生效的公约的要求,从而保障海员的基本权利,使海员在船工作更舒适、更安全、更“体面”。     

Preference Heterogeneity and Willingness to Pay for Travel Time Savings

We examined different model specifications to detect the presence of preference heterogeneity in a mode choice context. The specification that worked best allows for both systematic and random variations in tastes, with parameters obtained at the individual level using Bayesian methods. Subjective values of travel time (SVT) and expected individual compensated variation were derived and aggregated to obtain measures of social welfare. Results suggest that the benefit measures, both at the individual and at the social level, are sensitive to preference heterogeneity assumptions. SVT and welfare changes derived from travel time reductions could be underestimated if the traditional assumption of taste homogeneity is made (we detected differences up to 30% in both types of measures). We also obtained an empirical value for the error made when evaluating changes in social welfare using an approximation of the expected individual compensated variation (expressed as a function of individual SVT) rather than its exact expression.     

铁路货运集中化的经济性分析

分析了铁路货运集中化对铁路货物运输需求和供给的影响，认为铁路货运集中化后，铁路货运需求在短期内将保持稳定，从长期看应有所增长；同时铁路货运集中化可增加铁路运输企业供给能力。进一步运用福利经济学原理，分析了铁路货运集中化前后消费者剩余、生产者剩余和社会总剩余的变化，得出铁路货运集中化会使社会总福利增加。因此，铁路推行货物运输集中化是一种帕雷托改进，既有利于铁路运输企业自身的发展，又能对社会其它部门产生积极作用。     

北京新城公共交通发展对策研究——以顺义新城为例

坚持公交优先是北京市交通发展的基本政策。顺义区作为北京市首批建设的重点新城之一,城市公共交通是支撑社会经济发展、人民生产生活的重要基础设施。构建高效、便捷、先进的公共交通系统是推进新城建设平稳、快速发展的重要保障。为此,应理顺管理体制、恢复公共交通的公益性、全面落实公交优先发展政策,实现公共交通规范化发展。     

稳定江西导游队伍树立窗口形象初探

是否能让江西旅游业良性可持续发展,导游服务质量是关键因素之一,由于导游员本身和外在的多种因素影响,导游服务质量、水平和行业管理方面存在缺憾,致使旅游满意度下降.导游的旅游窗口服务形象欠佳直接影响本地区的对外形象,其后果不仅是对旅游业的发展不利,还会对本地区经济环境产生消极影响.针对上述情况就稳定江西导游队伍、改善导游员社会福利保障、加强导游员监管与培训、完善导游员激励机制等问题进行分析与探讨.