Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies

This paper investigates the costs of controlling some of the environmental impacts of motor vehicle transportation on groundwater and on surface waters. We estimate that annualized costs of cleaning-up leaking underground storage tanks range from $0.8 billion to $2.1 billion per year over 10 years. Annualized costs of controlling highway runoff from principal arterials in the US are much larger: they range from $2.9 billion to $15.6 billion per year over 20 years (1.6–8.3% of annualized highway transportation expenditures). Some causes of non-point source pollution were unintentionally created by regulations or could be addressed by simple design changes of motor vehicles. A review of applicable measures suggests that effective policies should combine economic incentives, information campaigns, and enforcement, coupled with preventive environmental measures. In general, preventing water pollution from motor vehicles would be much cheaper than cleaning it up.     

工程造价人员做好工程经济工作的新思路

工程造价控制是一项涉及立项、设计、施工、结算等内容的系统工程,采取的预防措施和控制手段应贯穿于工程项目建设的全过程。此文针对工程建设领域多年来存在的工程技术与经济分离的现象,从工程造价人员整体素质不高,在项目建设过程中参与的深度和广度不够,创新服务能力弱,急需改进和提高等方面进行分析与探讨,并提出工程造价人员要不断学习和掌握一定的工程技术,与设计人员密切配合,在提高编制概预算水平的基础上,向工程经济与技术相结合的模式发展,开创新理念的工作思路,这一思路可促使工程投资效益最大化。     

柏家沟中桥加宽改造工程

介绍柏家沟中桥原状及有关情况,分析病害缘由,提出改造方案,通过经济比较,确定加宽改造,改善了车辆荷载的通行能力。     

基于 SIP 协议航管内部通信系统的设计

论文介绍了航管内部通信系统的特点,会话初始协议 SIP（Session Initialization Protocol）协议的功能特性,给出了基于 SIP 协议航管中心内部通信系统的设备组成,陈述了整个内部通信系统的系统架构和主机的软件架构,内部通信系统工程实现的关键技术,最后对航管内部通信进行了小结。     

Cost-effectiveness of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from High-Speed Rail and urban transportation projects in California

A rising trend in state and federal transportation finance is to invest capital dollars into projects which reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a key metric for comparing projects, the cost-effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions, is highly dependent on the cost-benefit methodology employed in the analysis. Our analysis comparing California High-Speed Rail and three urban transportation projects shows how four different accounting framings bring wide variations in cost per metric tonne of GHG emissions reduced. In our analysis, life-cycle GHG emissions are joined with full cost accounting to better understand the benefits of cap-and-trade investments. Considering only public subsidy for capital, none of the projects appear to be a cost-effective means to reduce GHG emissions (i.e., relative to the current price of GHG emissions in California’s cap-and-trade program at $12.21 per tonne). However, after adjusting for the change in private costs users incur when switching from the counterfactual mode (automobile or aircraft) to the mode enabled by the project, all investments appear to reduce GHG emissions at a net savings to the public. Policy and decision-makers who consider only the capital cost of new transportation projects can be expected to incorrectly assess alternatives and indirect benefits (i.e., how travelers adapt to the new mass transit alternative) should be included in decision-making processes.     

小型运输船船型经济性论证分析

文章根据大连湾老铁山水道的情况,考虑变吃水的运输方式,以船长、船宽、吃水及航速作为变量来进行船型方案的组合。选用净现值、内部收益率、投资回收期、必要运费率和综合经济指标作为衡量船型方案的标准,通过分析计算得出最佳的船型方案,为小型渔货船型选择提供参考。     

Optimal funding allocation strategies for safety improvements on urban intersections

Urban intersections crashes cause significant economic loss. The safety management process undertaken by most states in the United States is referred to as Highway Safety Improvement Program and consists of three standardized steps: (i) identification of critical crash locations, (ii) development of countermeasures, and (iii) resource allocation among identified crash locations. Often these three steps are undertaken independently, with limited detail of each step at the state planning agencies. The literature review underlines the importance of the third step, and the lack of sophisticated tools available to state planning agencies for leveraging information obtained from the first two steps. Further, non-strategic approaches and unavailability of methods for evaluating policies may lead to sub-optimal funding allocation. This paper overcomes these limitations and proposes multiple optimal resource allocation strategies for improvements at urban intersections that maximize safety benefits, under budget and policy constraints. Proposed policy measures based on benefits maximization (economic competitiveness), equitable allocation (equity), and relaxation of mutually exclusiveness (multiple alternatives at one location) produce significantly different alternative and fund allocation. The proposed models are applied to selected intersections in four counties of southeast Michigan. Results reinforce the applicability of the strategies/policies and tools developed in this paper for safety project funding allocation on critical urban intersections.     

浅述过水侧石在天津临港经济区清河道道路设计中的应用

多年以来,我国的城市道路建设均使用城市地下雨水管道收集路面雨水,这种方法破坏了原有的雨水循环系统,产生了很多问题。在临港经济区清河道的道路设计中,因地制宜地设计了一种过水侧石,既不破坏原来的雨水循环系统,又极大地降低了工程量。详细介绍这种过水侧石在清河道道路设计中的应用。     

公路桥梁维修加固技术经济评价方法研究

在桥梁维修加固实施过程中,不可避免的涉及到其经济合理性问题,目前还未有较为成熟和系统的方法,对桥梁维修加固的经济合理性进行评价。本文结合桥梁维修加固涉及到的宏观和微观方面,提出了一种新的评价方法,用以判断桥梁维修加固的经济合理性。     

基于双层规划的公交车调度问题的模型与算法

城市公交车辆调度的主要目的是在方便乘客出行的前提下追求企业利益的最大化,其关键问题是在企业如何进行公交车辆配置和安排一天中各个时段上的发车频率.在对现有问题研究的基础上,基于对调查数据的分析和推导,建立了以乘客满意度为上层目标、企业运营效益为下层目标的双层规划模型,并对此设计了一个遗传模拟退火混合优化算法,结果表明:本文提出的双层模型和设计的遗传模拟退火算法具有一定得有效性和可行性.