基于虚拟试验的汽车40％偏置碰撞抗撞性分析

建立并验证了偏置变形壁障块模型、某轿车全宽碰撞模型的有效性,按照欧洲ECE R94.01法规建立该轿车的40％偏置碰撞有限元模型,基于虚拟试验技术对该轿车进行40％偏置碰撞抗撞性分析,确定该轿车40％偏置碰撞抗撞性改进方向和改进对策。     

Transport and nation‐state governments: a global review

The review undertaken in this paper shows how, at the beginning of 1988, nation‐states of the world allocated ministerial responsibilities for the important function of transport. A total of 118 countries are examined, compared with 111 in 1982 (Transport Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 4) and 115 in 1985 (Transport Reviews, Vol. 5. No. 1). The analysis reveals an increase in the number of ministers solely responsible for one mode of transport, and notes an increase in the number of designated ministers for tourism. The paper goes on to examine the two main duties of ministers of transport: safety and economic regulation; and of the increasing need for closer international co‐operation as new transport technology, the growing demand for travel and expanding world trade make our world ‘an even more local village’ in the decades to come.     

高速铁路40 m跨度预制后张法预应力混凝土简支箱梁试验研究

高速铁路40 m跨度预制后张法预应力混凝土简支箱梁首次在我国郑济高速铁路郑州至濮阳段黄河特大桥北岸引桥进行工程应用。为了验证其预制工艺和结构受力性能是否满足规范要求,以3孔工程梁为试验对象开展了混凝土水化热测试、摩阻测试、预应力终张拉效果测试和静载弯曲试验。结果表明:试验梁水化热测试结果和浇筑工艺合格,预应力施加准确,预应力效果满足设计要求;试验梁抗裂安全性满足规范要求。3孔试验梁预制工艺和结构受力性能满足规范要求,40 m跨度简支箱梁可以推广使用。     

高速铁路40 m简支箱梁运架分离方案工程造价研究

为做好高速铁路投资控制和设计方案经济比选,遵循铁路工程定额编制原则和相关造价管理规定,通过对缺项定额子目基础数据的采集和分析,尤其对高速铁路40 m箱梁预制、运输、架设当中1 000 t级大型工装设备工效的追踪调查,取得“1 000 t级大型工装设备的工效与900 t级大型工装设备的工效一致”和“40 m箱梁预制周期与32 m箱梁预制周期达到同等水平”的结论,并以此完成1 000 t级大型工装设备机具台班费用分析、补充单价分析,填补了高速铁路40 m简支箱梁运架分离方案造价体系缺项;同时通过具体设计实例,完成40 m箱梁与32 m箱梁设计方案及运架分离的经济分析,提出相应的设计方案经济比选思路,可供类似建设项目设计参考。     

Surface chlorophyll in the Black Sea over 1978–1986 derived from satellite and in situ data

Absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration and its spatial and seasonal variations in the Black Sea were assessed by using satellite CZCS and in situ data. Since the satellite CZCS had operated for the 1978–1986 period, CZCS data was used for assessing the past state of the Black Sea just before the onset of drastic changes observed in late 1980s. The approach used for the calculation of the absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration from CZCS data was based on the direct comparison of in situ chlorophyll a data and those of CZCS and by applying the algorithm developed for the transformation of CZCS data into chlorophyll a values. CZCS Level 2 data related with pigment concentration having a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir were used. The daily Level 3 files were derived by binning Level 2 values into 4-km grid cells and the monthly and seasonal Level 3 files were created by averaging the daily Level 3 files over the corresponding period. In situ chlorophyll a data were obtained by spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods in 15 scientific cruises over the 1978–1986 period. Total number of ship-measured data used for the comparison with those CZCS values was 590.Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) was derived from CZCS values (C) with regression equations Chl=kC; the coefficient of transformation k was calculated from six different data sets by taking into account distinctions between subregions and seasons. The reasons for difference in the k values have been analyzed.Statistical comparison of the chlorophyll a values measured in situ and those derived from CZCS data was based on log-transformed data and gave the following results: regression SLOPE=0.842, regression INTERCEPT=−0.081, coefficient of determination (R²)=0.806, root–mean–square ERROR=0.195. The mean monthly chlorophyll a distributions derived from CZCS data over 1978–1986 have been constructed and the mean seasonal chlorophyll a values in different regions have been calculated and analyzed. The significant difference in chlorophyll concentration between the western shelf regions and the open part of the Black Sea has been demonstrated, especially in warm season. At almost all seasons, the highest chlorophyll concentration is observed in the western interior shelf region which is under strong influence of Danube. The summer mean chlorophyll concentration in this region is 18 times higher than that in the open parts and about nine times higher than in the eastern shelf region. The greatest seasonal variations are observed in the open part of the Black Sea: chlorophyll concentration in cold season is four to six times higher than in summer and three to five times higher than in April and October. To the contrary, in the western interior shelf regions, the concentration is higher in May–October (about twice than that in November–March). Seasonal variations in the western outer shelf regions are smoothed out as compared with both the western interior shelf and the open regions.     

新型Stinis上架吊具在岸桥上的应用

大型化集装箱船的诞生,对岸边集装箱机械提出了更高要求。简单介绍了Stinis分离上架吊具的组成和功能。着重介绍了Stinis上架吊具在岸桥上的实际应用情况以及岸桥的设计需要注意的问题。     

郑州黄河特大桥40m铁路简支箱梁预制架设关键技术

郑济铁路郑州黄河特大桥首次采用40 m简支箱梁预制架设,并基于40 m箱梁的结构特点,运用BIM技术辅助梁场建设、创新装配式预制模具,推动箱梁的绿色建造。本文以该项目为依托,阐述40 m铁路简支箱梁预制架设关键技术,通过对钢筋数控加工、钢绞线穿束台车、自动张拉和孔道压浆系统、静载试验自控系统、管理信息平台等智能化工装和信息系统的开发应用,提升了箱梁预制效率和质量;通过正位提梁工法和运架远程监控技术,攻克了复杂工况下“四线双层”公铁两用桥梁的箱梁架设难题,成功推进了高速铁路40 m简支箱梁的工程化应用,推动了我国高速铁路桥梁建造技术的发展。     

The local development effects of major new roads

This paper is based on research undertaken for CPRE (Council for the Protection of Rural England) arising from concern at the inadequacy of current road planning procedures to address the issue of local development effects. The paper puts forward a number of arguments of principle in support of this proposition before recounting the planning and development experience of sites in the vicinity of the original (London-Oxford) section of M40 motorway built 20–30 years ago. This experience points to quite different outcomes in areas of open countryside as distinct from the periphery of the major intermediate town (High Wycombe), paricularly enclaves of enclosed land near to motorway junctions. With the latter the experience points to the failure of the planning system to anticipate and cope satisfactorily with development pressures. Since the provisions of development plans are used as the basis for assessing the impact of new road proposals this situation is not merely inefficient but conflicts with the basic purpose of the public planning system to give full consideration to the likely effects of proposals before they are committed.     

基于 40%正面偏置碰撞的某车型仿真及结构优化

在整车 40%偏置碰撞仿真研发中,针对现有仅凭增加钣金强度达到结构安全的方法,提出一种改善前纵梁压溃模式的结构优化方案。通过左前纵梁 X 向变形由一级压溃变为二级 压溃,起到充分溃缩吸能的目的。另外,对左前纵梁施加诱导筋使其 Y 向折弯,增加车身结 构 Y 向吸能,进一步降低车辆 X 方向吸收的碰撞能量。基于对标的仿真模型进行结构加强及优化并对比后,乘员舱生存空间提升约 20%,A 柱及座椅横梁变形均得到改善。该种结构优 化方案在不同程度偏置碰撞开发中,均可作为一种优化思路。     

极地船用FH40低温高强钢焊接工艺

以不同厚度规格的极地船用FH40低温高强钢为研究对象,分别采用焊条电弧焊（Shielded Metal Arc Welding,SMAW）、CO2气体保护药芯焊丝电弧焊（CO2 Gas Shielded Flux-Cored Arc Welding,FCAW-CO2）、埋弧焊（Submerged Arc Welding,SAW）等3种方法进行工艺试验。结果表明：焊接接头符合相应规范要求,力学性能指标符合设计要求。试验确定的焊接工艺参数可为新型极地船建造提供指导。