An assessment of the performance of the European long intermodal freight trains (LIFTS)

Intermodal rail/road freight transport has always been considered as a competitive alternative to its road freight counterpart in the European medium- to long-distance corridors (markets). Such consideration has been based on the increasing competitiveness of some innovative rail services and the existing and prospective performance of both modes in terms of the full social – internal or operational and external – costs. The most recent innovation of rail technologies and related services launched by some European railway companies, still at the conceptual level, is the Long Intermodal Freight Train (LIFT). This is supposed to be a block train operating in long-distance corridors (markets) with a substantial and regular freight demand.This paper develops analytical models for assessing the performance of the LIFTs, the already-operating Conventional Intermodal Freight Trains (CIFTs), and their road counterpart as well. The performance consists of the full – internal (private) and external – costs of the door-to-door delivery of loading units – containers, swap-bodies, and semi-trailers. The internal costs embrace the operational costs of the transport (rail and road) and intermodal terminal operators. The external costs include the costs of the impacts of door-to-door delivery of loading units on society and the environment. These negative externalities include noise, air pollution, traffic accidents, and congestion.The models are applied to a simplified version of intermodal and road transport system using inputs from the European freight transport sector. The aims are to compare the full costs of particular modalities in order to investigate the potential of the LIFTs as compared with the CIFTs in improving the internal efficiency of the rail freight sector and its competitiveness with respect to its road counterpart. In addition, the paper attempts to assess some effects on the potential modal shift of EU (European Union) transport policies on internalizing transport externalities.     

铁路客运专线与公路并行区段柔性防护预留变形空间的研究

为保证高速列车的行车安全,必须建立防止异物入侵的安全防范体系。在铁路客运专线与公路并行区段采用柔性防护时,必须预留一定的变形空间,以保证受到异物冲击后的柔性防护网不侵入铁路建筑限界。通过有限元仿真计算和现场性能试验,准确把握柔性防护网在规定的冲击能量作用下的最大变形数据。仿真和试验结果表明:柔性防护网的最大变形量随着冲击能量的增大而增大,最大变形距离达1.8 m以上。建议设置在铁路客运专线与公路并行区段之间的柔性防护网,其垂直冲击能量设计标准取为:一般区段9.3×104J,加强区段1.7×105J;且柔性防护网预留变形空间的宽度以不小于2.0 m为宜。     

真然高性能矿渣水泥配制混凝土试验性能研究

论述了真然高性能矿渣水泥配制高性能混凝土的性能优势以及对所制作的高性能混凝土的各项性能的试验研究,包括混凝土强度、流动性、耐久性能、体积稳定性和断裂力学行为等,利用普通硅酸盐水泥配制的混凝土作对比性试验。研究结果表明,真然高性能矿渣水泥配制混凝土的力学和耐久性能指标达到了用同标号北京琉璃河水泥厂的普通硅酸盐水泥配制混凝土的相应性能指标,可以用于各搅拌站混凝土及一些有特殊性能要求的高性能混凝土的拌制。     

Performance estimation model of a torque converter part I: Correlation between the internal flow field and energy loss coefficient

The objective of this paper is to improve the performance estimation model of the internal flow field of a torque converter. Compared with performance experiment results, the converter based on the one-dimensional model does not satisfy the performance requirements demanded in practice. Therefore, we need to develop more predictable and reliable performance estimation models. In order to obtain shape information on three-dimensional blade geometry, a process of reverse engineering conducts a torque converter assembly, impeller, turbine and stator. In addition, a CFD simulation including mesh generation and post-processing was carried out to extract equivalent parameters from the internal flow field. The internal flow field can be explained by analyze the correlation between a performance estimation model and CFD analysis. The equivalent performance model adopts the variation of energy loss coefficients for a given operating condition according to the application of a changing energy loss coefficient by the least mean squares method. The estimated equivalent model improves the agreement in performance between experiments and the theoretical model. This model can reduce the error to within about 3 percent. Furthermore, this procedure for predicted performance achieves eminence in the estimation of the capacity factor.     

1/32° real-time global ocean prediction and value-added over 1/16° resolution

A 1/32° global ocean nowcast/forecast system has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory at the Stennis Space Center. It started running at the Naval Oceanographic Office in near real-time on 1 Nov. 2003 and has been running daily in real-time since 1 Mar. 2005. It became an operational system on 6 March 2006, replacing the existing 1/16° system which ceased operation on 12 March 2006. Both systems use the NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) with assimilation of sea surface height from satellite altimeters and sea surface temperature from multi-channel satellite infrared radiometers. Real-time and archived results are available online at http://www.ocean.nrlssc.navy.mil/global_nlom. The 1/32° system has improvements over the earlier system that can be grouped into two categories: (1) better resolution and representation of dynamical processes and (2) design modifications. The design modifications are the result of accrued knowledge since the development of the earlier 1/16° system. The improved horizontal resolution of the 1/32° system has significant dynamical benefits which increase the ability of the model to accurately nowcast and skillfully forecast. At the finer resolution, current pathways and their transports become more accurate, the sea surface height (SSH) variability increases and becomes more realistic and even the global ocean circulation experiences some changes (including inter-basin exchange). These improvements make the 1/32° system a better dynamical interpolator of assimilated satellite altimeter track data, using a one-day model forecast as the first guess. The result is quantitatively more accurate nowcasts, as is illustrated by several model-data comparisons. Based on comparisons with ocean color imagery in the northwestern Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, the 1/32° system has even demonstrated the ability to map small eddies, 25–75 km in diameter, with 70% reliability and a median eddy center location error of 22.5 km, a surprising and unanticipated result from assimilation of altimeter track data. For all of the eddies (50% small eddies), the reliability was 80% and the median eddy center location error was 29 km. The 1/32° system also exhibits improved forecast skill in relation to the 1/16° system. This is due to (a) a more accurate initial condition for the forecast and (b) better resolution and representation of critical dynamical processes (such as upper ocean – topographic coupling via mesoscale flow instabilities) which allow the model to more accurately evolve these features in time while running in forecast mode (forecast atmospheric forcing for the first 5 days, then gradually reverting toward climatology for the remainder of the 30-day forecast period). At 1/32° resolution, forecast SSH generally compares better with unassimilated observations and the anomaly correlation of the forecast SSH exceeds that from persistence by a larger amount than found in the 1/16° system.     

汽车齿轮油的发展与选用

汽车齿轮油用于机械式变速器，驱动桥和轴向器的齿轮润滑，它起到润滑、冷却，防锈及缓冲的作用。首先，介绍了国内外汽车齿轮油的分类和发展趋势，其次，介绍了齿轮油的澜性和抗磨性，低温操作性和粘温性，热氧化安全性，抗腐蚀性和防锈性，另外，介绍了齿轮油的选用。     

G32系列柴油机研制

G32系列柴油机是广州柴油机厂新开发的船用中速大功率柴油机,新产品的研制工作采用产学研联合,由广州柴油机厂和七一一研究所以厂所合作的方式进行。G32柴油机的平均有效压力Pe=2.30MPa,倒挂主轴承结构,三段式船用大端连杆,厚壁气缸套。高效率脉冲增压系统,等压燃烧,排放机内控制,安全监测系统对主轴承温度等重要参数进行实时监控。     

海事行政执法过程中反商业贿赂策略

商业贿赂是一种普遍的社会现象,是商品经济发展的负面影响。商业贿赂出现以来,各国都采取措施加以禁止,世界各地的相关立法就足以见证各国对商业贿赂的重视。笔者试从商业贿赂的表现及成因入手,剖析反商业贿赂的政策依据及防范策略。     

彩色沥青路用性能评价

自行制备了8种彩色沥青，选取几种有代表性沥青评价试验方法针入度、软化点、动态剪切、简支梁弯曲蠕变试验，对其进行试验评价。在RGB颜色体系中，对数码相机采集的彩色沥青原样、RTFOT、PAV试样的表面颜色进行比较。     

船舶横摇非线性运动最大值预报

横摇运动振幅渐近分布属于指数型分布，根据应用Markov过程理论得到的极值分布推导了最大值分布公式，同时提出了最大值预报方法。计算表明用此方法预报的最大值与实际统计的最大值非常接近，它比用线性理论预报的最大值误差要小，证明本文提出的最大值预报方法是可行的。