广西北海救助打捞基地淤积计算与分析

依据北海港大量的实测资料 ,借鉴邻近港口的淤积现状分析成果 ,对北海救助打捞基地不同方案的港池航道的淤强分布及年淤积量进行了分析与计算 ,其结果已为设计部门采用。     

洋山港区一期工程港池水域水文泥沙分析

利用 2 0 0 0 - 0 1～ 0 2洋山港区一期工程港池水域水文泥沙原体观测资料 ,分析研究了工程区水域潮流运动与泥沙分布的特征 ,并由此进一步分析研究了影响泥沙沉速的成因 ,以及泥沙的解絮与沉积     

滨州港海域沉积物特性分析

依据2008年1月、2006年3月和7月的黄骅港、滨州港海区沉积物取样资料,对海床泥沙中值粒径、细颗粒泥沙含量、分选程度等平面分布特征进行了分析,并与黄骅港海域的泥沙底质进行了比较,结果表明滨州港的兴建阻挡了港岛以南床面泥沙的北移,部分遏制了泥沙来源,同时滨州港外航道成为从南到北泥沙输移的沉沙池,对减少黄骅港外航道泥沙淤积有利。     

北海铁山港建港方案对铁山湾潮流泥沙的影响研究

为了预测铁山湾水域建港方案给当地水动力及泥沙环境带来的影响,通过建立平面二维潮流数学模型,率定后计算结果和实测资料吻合良好。结果表明:采用此方案建港后,潮位变化幅度不大,水位抬升主要在码头前沿,最高不超过0.7cm;流速在普遍降低的同时,局部区域会有增加;由于航道加深,纳潮量在建港后总体却呈增加的趋势,而航道内泥沙的淤积以底沙为主,但总体较少,不会对通航造成威胁。     

Personal exposures to PM during short distance highway travel in India

Traffic is the largest contributor (37%) to urban air pollution in India. During commuting, passengers are significantly exposed to pollutants. We carried out a study on a National Highway (NH) in India to measure personal exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) in five travel modes. PM_2.5 concentrations showed the following trend: Bus > Car FA (fresh air mode of air condition) > Bus AC > Car > Car RC (re-circulation mode of air condition). Highest and lowest concentrations of PM₁₀ were observed in Bus (134 ± 47 µg m⁻³) and Car RC (20 ± 5 µg m⁻³), respectively. The exposures were highest at the rear seats during the Bus AC journeys. In Car FA, the contribution of PM₁ to total concentrations was dominant (61%). Travel modes explained highest variabilities in PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ concentrations. In all travel modes, the highest particle counts were observed for PM_0.3–0.5. PM_>0.5–5.0 counts during Bus journeys were comparatively higher than remaining modes. Deposition doses of passengers were as high as 3.22 µg of PM₁₀ (in Bus), 0.66 µg of PM_2.5 (in Bus) and 0.06 µg of PM₁ (in Bus AC) during the ~1 h journey. Our study revealed that Car RC is the safest mode of travel, both in terms of personal exposures and PM depositions in respiratory system. The results from this study can be used to target efforts to reduce personal exposure of highway commuters.     

大气酸沉降对混凝土侵蚀的化学机理分析

利用化学反应推导方法分析了大气酸沉降对混凝土的化学侵蚀机理,得出了混凝土与大气酸沉降中的酸性物质发生化学反应的方程式。结果表明,所有反应产物均分别以溶解型化学腐蚀和膨胀型化学腐蚀这两种方式对混凝土产生破坏作用。     

长江中游护滩工程边缘防冲促淤水草垫结构试验

通过分析航道整治护滩工程边缘防冲促淤结构不足,提出水草垫结构,并开展定床和动床模型试验,研究不同倒伏程度、不同布置形式、不同水动力条件下水草垫的防冲促淤效果。结果表明:当流速较小时叶片弯曲幅度较小;流速增加至0.3 m/s时,叶片弯曲幅度较大;流速增至0.73 m/s时,叶片弯幅度增加较小。叶片倒伏60°情况,水草垫稀疏布置,防护效果较好;倒伏75°情况,水草垫密集布置,其防护效果较好。当来流速度较大时,水草垫区域内有较大淤积幅度,但淤积范围明显缩窄,侧缘坡度较陡,防护效果并不理想。在此基础上,确定了水草垫结构。     

Thorium-234 derived information on particle residence times and sediment deposition in shallow waters of the south-western Baltic Sea

Activities of the naturally occurring, short-lived and highly particle-reactive radionuclide tracer ²³⁴Th in the dissolved and particulate phase were measured at three shallow-water stations (maximum water depths: 15.6, 22.7 and 30.1 m) in Mecklenburg Bay (south-western Baltic Sea) to constrain the time scales of the dynamics and the depositional fate of particulate matter. Activities of particle-associated (> 0.4 μm) and total (particulate + dissolved) ²³⁴Th were in the range of 0.08–0.11 dpm L^− 1 and 0.11–0.20 dpm L^− 1, respectively. The activity ratio of total ²³⁴Th and its long-lived and conservative parent nuclide ²³⁸U was well below unity (range: 0.09–0.19) indicating substantial radioactive disequilibria throughout the water column, very dynamic trace-metal scavenging and particle export from the water column at all three stations. For the discussion the ²³⁴Th data of this study were combined with previously published water-column ²³⁴Th and particulate-matter data from Mecklenburg Bay (Kersten et al., 1998. Applied Geochemistry 13, 339–347). The resulting average vertical distribution of total ²³⁴Th/²³⁸U disequilibria was used to estimate the depositional ²³⁴Th flux to the sediment. There was a virtually constant net downward flux of ²³⁴Th of about 28 dpm m^− 2 d^− 1 leaving each water layer of one meter thickness. Thorium-234-derived net residence times of particulate material regarding settling from a given layer in the water column were typically on the order of days, but with maximum values of up to a couple of weeks. Based on an average ratio of particulate matter (PM) to particle-associated ²³⁴Th a net flux of about 145 mg PM m^− 2 d^− 1 was estimated to leave each water layer of one meter thickness. The estimated cumulative water-column-derived particulate-matter fluxes at the seafloor are higher by a factor of about 2 than previously published sediment-derived estimates for Mecklenburg Bay. This suggests that about half of the settling particulate material is exported from the study area and/or subject to processes such as mechanical breakdown, remineralisation and dissolution. Lateral particulate-matter redistribution and particle breakdown in the water column (as opposed to the sediment) seem to be favoured by (repeated) particle resuspension from and resettling to the seafloor before ultimate sedimentary burial. The importance of net lateral redistribution of particulate material seems to increase towards the seafloor and be particularly high within the bottommost few meters of the water column.     

灰色系统理论在原油管道结蜡规律预测模型的应用

原油结蜡是影响管道安全、经济和高效运行的一个重要因素。为了对输油管道的结蜡状况进行预测,掌握输油管道结蜡的基本规律,应用灰色系统理论中的模型对输油管道结蜡速度和结蜡厚度等指标的实际统计数据进行了灰色动态拟合,建立了相应的灰色微分方程和时间响应函数。结果表明：残差小于2%,模型精度满足工程实际需要。     

瓯江河口及温州浅滩冲淤演变分析

基于瓯江河口和温州浅滩多年实测水文泥沙及地形水深资料,研究其冲淤演变特征。结果表明:瓯江流域径流量呈现年际、洪枯流量差别大的特点,此特性对瓯江河床冲淤变化起着至关重要的作用;瓯江口外及温州浅滩区域由于风浪作用引起泥沙再悬浮,导致其含沙量增大;瓯江河口地形表现为"洪冲枯淤"的特点,尽管河床纵、横向冲淤变化频繁,但河床冲淤幅度和河道容积在年间与年内变化不大,相对稳定;而温州浅滩则处于不断淤涨状态。特别是近期的人工围垦工程的建设进一步加大了其淤积速度,浅滩内普遍发生淤积,其中浅滩南端、北段及邻近灵霓大堤附近淤积最甚。同时,温州浅滩靠南口水道部分由于灵霓北堤建设及完成后封堵了其北侧上浅滩的潮量,从而加大了大、小霓屿岛间进入浅滩的潮量,使得其在1999—2010年间处于冲刷的状态。