Surface chlorophyll in the Black Sea over 1978–1986 derived from satellite and in situ data

Absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration and its spatial and seasonal variations in the Black Sea were assessed by using satellite CZCS and in situ data. Since the satellite CZCS had operated for the 1978–1986 period, CZCS data was used for assessing the past state of the Black Sea just before the onset of drastic changes observed in late 1980s. The approach used for the calculation of the absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration from CZCS data was based on the direct comparison of in situ chlorophyll a data and those of CZCS and by applying the algorithm developed for the transformation of CZCS data into chlorophyll a values. CZCS Level 2 data related with pigment concentration having a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir were used. The daily Level 3 files were derived by binning Level 2 values into 4-km grid cells and the monthly and seasonal Level 3 files were created by averaging the daily Level 3 files over the corresponding period. In situ chlorophyll a data were obtained by spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods in 15 scientific cruises over the 1978–1986 period. Total number of ship-measured data used for the comparison with those CZCS values was 590.Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) was derived from CZCS values (C) with regression equations Chl=kC; the coefficient of transformation k was calculated from six different data sets by taking into account distinctions between subregions and seasons. The reasons for difference in the k values have been analyzed.Statistical comparison of the chlorophyll a values measured in situ and those derived from CZCS data was based on log-transformed data and gave the following results: regression SLOPE=0.842, regression INTERCEPT=−0.081, coefficient of determination (R²)=0.806, root–mean–square ERROR=0.195. The mean monthly chlorophyll a distributions derived from CZCS data over 1978–1986 have been constructed and the mean seasonal chlorophyll a values in different regions have been calculated and analyzed. The significant difference in chlorophyll concentration between the western shelf regions and the open part of the Black Sea has been demonstrated, especially in warm season. At almost all seasons, the highest chlorophyll concentration is observed in the western interior shelf region which is under strong influence of Danube. The summer mean chlorophyll concentration in this region is 18 times higher than that in the open parts and about nine times higher than in the eastern shelf region. The greatest seasonal variations are observed in the open part of the Black Sea: chlorophyll concentration in cold season is four to six times higher than in summer and three to five times higher than in April and October. To the contrary, in the western interior shelf regions, the concentration is higher in May–October (about twice than that in November–March). Seasonal variations in the western outer shelf regions are smoothed out as compared with both the western interior shelf and the open regions.     

Efficient estimation of extreme long-term stresses by considering a combination of longitudinal bending stresses

Longitudinal stresses due to combined horizontal and vertical bending moments in ships, corresponding to a return period of 20 years, are estimated by linear response analysis. In principle, the stress should be obtained by combining the stress in all sea states that can occur over a long-term period. A method to determine the desired long-term extreme stress by considering only a few short-term sea states is presented. The sea states have a certain probability of occurrence, and are each identified by a contour line in the (H _s, T _p)-plane. This approach makes it possible to estimate the extreme loads on the vessel in a practical and accurate manner. Moreover, it is shown that the long-term stress can be estimated by combining the individual long-term extreme stresses due to vertical and horizontal bending moments by using the sum-of-squares approach and accounting for the correlation between stresses. It was found that the correlation coefficient can be taken as the largest of the ones calculated along the contour line. It is shown that this correlation coefficient can even be approximated by the normalized phase angle at the wave length where the dominant response has its peak value. A comparison with the results obtained using well-known combination rules is presented. While linear analysis has been used here, it is believed that the approach can be generalized to stresses with nonlinear behavior, and hence represent a significant improvement in calculation efficiency. Received: September 18, 2001 / Accepted: December 18, 2001     

大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病疗效观察

比较了常规治疗和常规加大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的疗效。结果显示：COPD加重期，加用大剂量VitC，能明显提高显效率，抑制血小板活化，改善肺功能和血气指标，未见明显副作用。提示，COPD加重期加用大剂量VitC是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

3～20 m桥整体横向移梁施工技术

研究目的:在第六次铁路提速施工中,调整线间距和缓和曲线长度引起多项桥梁改造项目。通过移梁可以 最大限度地发挥既有桥梁的使用功能,同时又能大大缩短提速改造施工的工期。 研究方法:本文详细介绍了在津浦线第六次提速改造施工中对3-20 m简支T梁的整体移梁施工技术,施 工中针对桥梁钢支座需埋设锚栓固定下摆的特点,根据现场实际情况,巧妙利用钢板固定既有钢桥支座,采用 竖向千斤顶和横向千斤顶相结合的普通施工方法,在不中断铁路交通运输,利用夜间列车运营“天窗点”的时 问,结合铁路线路拨道,安全正点地完成了大吨位桥梁的横向移设施工任务。 研究结果:使既有线满足了200 km／h运营速度的要求 研究结论:移梁后通过后期观察,梁体在铁路运营中结构稳定,质量可靠,收到了预期的效果,实践证明此 项移梁施工技术是成功的,是安全可行的。     

Collapse strength of hatch cover of bulk carrier subjected to lateral pressure load

A series of elastoplastic large deflection FEM analyses has been performed on hatch covers of bulk carriers subjected to lateral load. Two types of hatch covers are considered which are the folding type and the side-sliding type. For the folding-type cover, one size is considered which is for Handy size bulk carrier, whilst for the side-sliding-type cover, two sizes are considered which are for Panamax and Cape size bulk carriers. For each type, two hatch covers are selected which are designed in accordance with the old ICLL rule and new IACS rule, respectively. Calculated collapse strengths are compared with individual design loads, and a strength assessment is performed. On the basis of collapse behaviour observed in FEM analyses, a simple method is proposed to evaluate the collapse strength of a hatch cover subjected to lateral load. It is confirmed that the collapse strength is accurately predicted by the proposed method.     

大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病疗效观察

比较了常规治疗和常规加大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的疗效。结果显示：COPD加重期，加用大剂量VitC，能明显提高显效率，抑制血小板活化，改善肺功能和血气指标，未见明显副作用。提示，COPD加重期加用大剂量VitC是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

The Gulf Stream, rings and North Atlantic eddy structures from remote sensing (Altimeter and SeaWiFS)

Seasonal SeaWiFS chlorophyll a concentrations cycles and annual changes of altimeter Sea Level Anomaly are derived for the subtropical North Atlantic near  35°N and along a Gulf Stream axis. Spatial structure of SeaWiFS, is defined in terms of deviations from a local seasonal cycle and examined in relation to altimeter eddy structure. In the subtropical region near 35°N, SeaWiFS structure is evident during the spring bloom period with a scale of  430 km, or about twice the eddy scale. A Gulf Stream axis has been selected as a region where the Sea Level Anomaly variance is a maximum. Eddy propagation speeds and scales are examined. Cold-core (cyclonic) rings correspond to areas of high SeaWiFS chlorophyll a. Warm-core (anticyclonic) rings relate to areas of low chlorophyll concentration. Both SeaWiFS structure and eddy structure have a spatial scale of  450 km or twice the ring scale along the Gulf Stream axis. SeaWiFS chlorophyll anomalies and Altimeter Sea Level Anomaly structure have an overall negative correlation coefficient of r = − 0.34. Swirl currents between eddies redistribute surface chlorophyll concentrations and can spatially bias maximum and minimum concentration levels off eddy centre.     

我国公路营运汽车污染物排放量总量及预测

机动车污染物的排放量预测是研究降低机动车排放污染对策和专项行动的基础。我国公路营运汽车污染物排放量已经成为机动车污染物排放中不可忽视的组成部分。文章通过对影响营运汽车污染物排放水平的主要因素分析,根据国家环保总局的机动车排放因子的试验测算结果,推算营运汽车排放因子;然后对我国公路营运汽车保有量、年均行驶里程进行的现状分析、建模、计算和趋势预测,最后运用机动车污染物年排放量模型,计算出未来15年内主要特征年的污染物排放总量。根据对以上计算和预测结果分析可知,未来10多年间,营运汽车污染物排放总量呈下降趋势。     

Two- and three-dimensional hydroelastic modelling of a bulker in regular waves

The relatively high rates of bulk carrier casualties in recent years, as well as structural features such as large deck openings, make this vessel type a suitable example for investigating the influence of hydroelastic modelling on predicting wave-induced loads and responses. Two- and three-dimensional fluid–flexible structure interaction models, due to their different degree of complexity and associated data requirements, can be used at different stages of the design process when estimating wave-induced loads, namely preliminary and detailed design stages, respectively.

In this paper, therefore, two- and three-dimensional hydroelasticity theories are applied to predict and compare the dynamic behaviour of a bulk carrier hull, based on OBO MV Derbyshire, in waves. Both symmetric and antisymmetric motions and distortions are incorporated in these investigations. The three-dimensional structural model consists entirely of shell finite elements, representing all major external and internal structural components, whilst the two-dimensional model is generated using Timoshenko beam finite element and finite difference discretisations. Issues relevant to the structural modelling stage, for both idealisations, are discussed. The in vacuo dynamic characteristics are compared for all models, with particular emphasis on the influence of hatch openings, shear centre and warping on the antisymmetric dynamics of the structure. For the wet analysis the fluid–flexible structure interaction is carried out using two-dimensional (Timoshenko beam and strip theory) and three-dimensional (beam and shell finite element idealisations combined with potential flow analysis based on pulsating source distribution over the mean wetted surface) analyses. Comparisons are made between steady-state responses predicted by two- and three-dimensional models in bow quartering regular waves.

It is shown that whereas the predicted symmetric dynamic responses obtained from two- and three-dimensional models are in good agreement, differences are observed for the antisymmetric dynamic characteristics. It is thought that this may be due to inadequacies in the beam models employed when simulating the global dynamic behaviour of this highly non-prismatic hull girder whilst allowing for the effects of warping.     

Brittle failure caused by lamellar splitting in a large-scale tubular joint with fatigue cracks

This paper reports a new incidence of brittle failure by lamellar splitting in a large-scale tubular X-joint and examines the possible causes of this failure. The X-joint, with multiple pre-existing fatigue cracks at the weld toe along the brace-to-chord intersection, experiences brittle failure during a monotonic in-plane bending test. Post-test sectioning of the material around the brace-to-chord intersection reveals lamellar splitting in the mid-thickness of the chord wall instead of rapid extensions of the fatigue cracks in the through-thickness direction. The lamellar splitting observed in this test differs from the conventional lamellar tearing both in its appearance and in its causes. The elongated nonmetallic inclusions concentrated at the mid-thickness, as revealed by the microscopic scanning, leads to delamination cracking near the mid-thickness and subsequently to the brittle failure of the joint. The material requirements in prevailing engineering codes do not suffice to prohibit the lamellar splitting failure observed in this study, which may cause catastrophic failures in engineering structures designed with insufficient redundancy.