Stochastic frontier analysis of excess access to mid-trip battery electric vehicle fast charging

This study aims to explore how factors including charging infrastructure and battery technology associate the way people currently charge their battery electric vehicles, as well as to explore whether good use of battery capacity can be encouraged. Using a stochastic frontier model applied to panel data obtained in a field trial on battery electric vehicle usage in Japan, the remaining charge when mid-trip fast charging begins is treated as a dependent variable. The estimation results obtained using four models, for commercial and private vehicles, respectively, on working and non-working days, show that remaining charge is associated with number of charging stations, familiarity with charging stations, usage of air-conditioning or heater, battery capacity, number of trips, Vehicle Miles of Travel, paid charging. However, the associated factors are not identical for the four models. In general, EVs with high-capacity batteries are initiated at higher remaining charge, and so are the mid-trip fast charging events in the latter period of this trial. The estimation results also show that there are great opportunities to encourage more efficient charging behavior. It appears that the stochastic frontier modeling method is an effective way to model the remaining charge at which fast-charging should be initiated, since it incorporates trip and vehicle characteristics into the estimation process to some extent.     

An adaptive hawkes process formulation for estimating time-of-day zonal trip arrivals with location-based social networking check-in data

Location-Based Social Networking (LBSN) services, such as Foursquare, Facebook check-ins, and Geo-tagged Twitter tweets, have emerged as new secondary data sources for studying individual travel mobility patterns at a fine-grained level. However, the differences between human social behavioral and travel patterns can cause significant sampling bias for travel demand estimation. This paper presents a dynamic model to estimate time-of-day zonal trip arrival patterns. In the proposed model, the state propagation is formulated by the Hawkes process; the observation model implements LBSN sampling. The proposed model is applied to Foursquare check-in data collected from Austin, Texas in 2010 and calibrated with Origin-Destination (OD) data and time of day factor from Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO). The proposed model is compared with a simple aggregation model of trip purposes and time of day based on a prior daily OD estimation model using the LBSN data. The results illustrate the promising benefits of applying stochastic point process models and state-space modeling in time-of-day zonal arrival pattern estimation with the LBSN data. The proposed model can significantly reduce the number of parameters to calibrate in order to reduce the sampling bias of LBSN data for trip arrival estimation.     

The “Mirror Flags”: Ship registration in globalised ship breaking industry

The incorporation of new international regulations is a rational way to avoid the use of substandard Asian ship-breaking yards. However, more restrictive regulations and agreements could lead to increase the proliferation of the use of third countries in connection with ship recycling industry. The new Open Registries provides ship-owners with legal loopholes in order to avoid strict national legislations and international rules, thus the “genuine link” disappears and the ship-owner’s responsibilities relax. Ship-breaking industry is a complex interconnected system with many important key actors, such as shipping companies, ship-owners, ship registries, brokers, and ship-breaking yards, all of which are discussed in this paper under the vision of a new global ship recycling policy, and focusing in those cases when a ship changes its flag state registration just before scrapping. This paper analyses the most common flags selected in order to send ships for scrapping. Empirical investigation to determine the relation between States and ship-breaking industry has been carried out using the multivariate statistic technic known as “Simple correspondence analysis”. The results show a relation between ship registry selection and ships that are about to end their lives, re-flagging solely for the purpose of scrapping. If we observe the evolution of the different flag states at the end of the ship’s life, we find incremented use of new open registers or “Mirror Flags”. General abuse of new registries in ship-breaking industry would lead to a ship-breaking industry without rules or transparent procedures, which could violate labour and environmental standards.     

Real-time traffic network state estimation and prediction with decision support capabilities: Application to integrated corridor management

This paper presents a real-time traffic network state estimation and prediction system with built-in decision support capabilities for traffic network management. The system provides traffic network managers with the capabilities to estimate the current network conditions, predict congestion dynamics, and generate efficient traffic management schemes for recurrent and non-recurrent congestion situations. The system adopts a closed-loop rolling horizon framework in which network state estimation and prediction modules are integrated with a traffic network manager module to generate efficient proactive traffic management schemes. The traffic network manger adopts a meta-heuristic search mechanism to construct the schemes by integrating a wide variety of control strategies. The system is applied in the context of Integrated Corridor Management (ICM), which is envisioned to provide a system approach for managing congested urban corridors. A simulation-based case study is presented for the US-75 corridor in Dallas, Texas. The results show the ability of the system to improve the overall network performance during hypothetical incident scenarios.     

基于VHDL的有限状态机电路设计

有限状态机(FSM)及其应用技术是数字系统设计中的重要组成部分,基于VHDL的有限状态机设计已经成为EDA技术中的主要设计方法。论文通过对AD采样控制状态机的原理分析,介绍了基于VHDL平台的有限状态机的设计技术和实现过程。     

Literature review and fundamental approaches for vehicle and tire state estimation*

ABSTRACT

Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, real-time estimates of the vehicle dynamic states and tire-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production vehicles are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g. a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors), which when used in conjunction with certain model-based or kinematics-based observers can be used to identify relevant tire and vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. Vehicle state estimation is becoming ever more relevant with the increased sophistication of chassis control systems. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in the field of vehicle and tire state estimation. It is expected to serve as a resource for researchers interested in developing vehicle state estimation algorithms for usage in advanced vehicle control and safety systems.     

燃气发生剂燃烧性能试验研究

本文简单介绍了燃气发生器的作用,重点讲述了一种燃气发生剂试验,总结出该型燃气发生剂燃烧速度与配方的关系,并从燃烧机理进行了解释。     

船舶进入外国港口权及其法律制度研究

随着国际贸易的发展,外籍船舶是否有权进入他国港口,笔者从国家内水的法律地位及其与领海的区别出发,对船旗国管辖与港口国管辖的竞合问题进行简要论述,就支持船舶有权进入外国港口的学说及其法律论据缺陷展开论述。     

一种新型五电平逆变器及其电容预充电方法

本文提出一种新型五电平并网逆变器,相比于其他五电平逆变器,在该逆变器中当输出电压为高电平时,电流只流经两个开关管,因此可以减小导通损耗。而且,本文提出了针对该逆变器的改进型调制策略,可以实现开关损耗的最小化。更进一步地,为了避免在启动时由于悬浮电容电压未达到额定电压而导致的部分开关管应力过大的潜在风险,本文提出了针对该逆变器的直流充电方法,可以保证给各个电容安全充电的同时,使得所有开关管的电压应力都不超过其正常运行时所承受的电压应力。通过实验,该新型五电平逆变器拓扑和电容预充电方法的可行性都得到验证。     

世界主要区域港口国检查组织实施情况

港口国检查(port state control,简称PSC)制度实施近20年来,其依据不断变化,已经生效和即将生效的公约修正案不断对船舶应对PSC检查带来了新的挑战,PSC政策研究应该是一个持续的过程。通过对五个主要区域港口国检查组织近两年实施PSC检查的情况进行统计分析,展示了PSC实施过程中各地区的差异性,为各航运公司更好地应对PSC检查提供了新的参考依据,同时,根据我国船舶应对PSC检查的现状提出针对性的措施。为确保我国船舶顺利通过检查,对船舶检查具有重要的指导意义。