Modeling the impacts of alternative emission trading schemes on international shipping

Various market-based measures have been proposed to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping. One promising mechanism under consideration is the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). This study analyzes and benchmarks the economic implications of two alternative ETS mechanisms, namely, an open ETS compared to a Maritime only ETS (METS). The analytical solutions and model calibration results allow us to quantify the impacts of alternative ETS schemes on the container shipping sector and the dry bulk shipping sector. It is found that an ETS, whether open or maritime only, will decrease shipping speed, carrier outputs and fuel consumption for both the container and dry bulk sectors, even in the presence of a “wind-fall” profit to shipping companies. Under an open ETS, the dry bulk sector will suffer from a higher proportional reduction in output than the container sector, and will thus sell more emission permits or purchase fewer permits. Under an METS, container carriers will buy emission permits from the dry bulk side. In addition, under an METS the degree of competition within one sector will have spill-over effects on the other sector. Specifically, when the sector that sells (buys) permits is more collusive (competitive), the equilibrium permit price will rise. This study provides a framework for identifying the moderating effects of market structure and competition between firms on emission reduction schemes, and emphasizes the importance of understanding the differential impacts of ETS schemes on individual sectors within an industry when considering alternative policies.     

‘Each flight is different’: Carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets

Air travel is considered the biggest individual climate sin. Avoiding flying, however, seems impossible. In this paper we argue that the flight a passenger chooses can be significant. For this purpose we compared the carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets. We found tremendous differences in the environmental performance of individual flights. Furthermore, we also found that flying with the most modern aircraft or flying non-stop represents, in many cases, the least polluting option. Nevertheless, we were able to show that there are exceptions to this rule. Based on our results, we provide recommendations to the industry and for further research.     

碳纤维布在新民桥主梁加固施工中的应用

文章针对新民桥主梁板开裂情况,通过对比分析,确定采用碳纤维布加固方案,并对方案的加固原理、施工工艺及质量控制措施进行了介绍,探讨了方案的实际使用效果。     

Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?

The Arctic route has huge potential for shipping between Europe and Northeast Asia with significant savings in transit time and distance. However, GHG emissions from shipping would harm the environment of Arctic area. Potential Market Based Measures of GHG emission reduction (such as carbon tax) are under consideration but they may affect the economic viability of Northern Sea Route (NSR) for containerships. This paper investigates the economic viability of NSR against Suez Canal Route (SCR) under 2 proposed carbon tax schemes (fixed vs. progressive). Three different fuel oil types (Heavy Fuel Oil, Light Fuel Oil, Liquified Natural Gas) are used as main bunker fuel for the calculation of economic feasibility. Our result reveals that when there is no carbon tax on NSR nor SCR, or both routes are under a carbon tax scheme, no matter fixed or progressive, NSR is more economically viable, regardless of fuel type choice. When only NSR is under a carbon tax scheme, the viability depends on specific carbon tax scheme and fuel choice, but for the majority of containership sizes, NSR has lower unit cost. The result also suggests that for a given route, a progressive scheme in preferable than a fixed one and LNG would be an appealing fuel with lower unit cost.     

Achieving sustainable development of supply chain by incorporating various carbon regulatory mechanisms

Nowadays, sustainability issues have received considerable attention in supply chain management because of the governmental requirements as well as expectations of the people. This paper introduces a novel supply chain network design problem to cover three dimensions of sustainability, namely economic, environmental, and social. The advantage of the presented model stems from considering the booming development aligned with reduction in environmental impact. In this paper, to achieve the mentioned benefits and to derive a more sustainable supply chain, a novel model in the presence of the most commonly used carbon policies is proposed. This paper, addresses sustainable development through imposing proper carbon regulatory mechanisms. Main contribution of this study is to consider the effect of imposing carbon policies on environmental advantages as well as improving the regional development level in a supply chain network design problem. Moreover, the shipment consolidation decisions are utilized to reduce cost as well as environmental impact. In addition, a novel mixed uncertainty approach is proposed to capture the uncertain emission parameters. The numerical examples and a case study are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed models. It is concluded that, a high-growth economy with low-carbon can be made and also almost global well-being of people is ensured by applying the proposed model. Some managerial insights are provided for the enterprises of supply chains to make the most appropriate sustainable decisions. Finally, proper carbon emission policies are suggested based on the region sustainability characteristics.     

火灾受损桥梁检测评估与加固处理

介绍回弹 超声综合法在检测评定桥梁结构遭受火灾损伤中的应用。结合实例,给出应用碳纤维布补强技术对其加固处理的方法,并通过桥梁静载试验证实加固取得了很好的效果,其思路可为处理同类病害的桥梁提供有益的参考。     

多点汽油喷射喷油器积碳形成的研究

汽车经长时间使用后，喷油器针阀表面会形成少量积碳，影响其喷油质量。从喷油器结构、汽油品质及汽车运行工况等方面探讨了喷油器积碳的机理。通过喷油器积碳模拟试验论证了热浸时间及运行时间对喷油器堵塞率的影响。     

上海嘉定新城低碳道路的构建

根据低碳城市建设需求与上海嘉定新城定位,针对嘉定新城道路,设计采用了温拌型排水性沥青路面、钢渣透水人行道、绿化储碳技术与灌溉节水技术,率先在嘉定新城的临泽路成功实施,构建了低碳道路,起到了较好的工程示范作用,下一步将在嘉定新城大面积推广应用。     

碳纤维预应力混凝土梁桥发展动向及设计要点

碳纤维预应力混凝土梁桥的最新发展趋势,是采用体内先张有粘结碳纤维筋与体外后张无粘结碳纤维筋相结合的预应力配筋措施。本文就碳纤维预应力混凝土梁桥设计相关的碳纤维筋抗拉强度、截面平衡配筋率、延性和可变形性,无粘结碳纤维筋的极限应力等进行了比较和讨论。     

碳纤维加固混凝土梁抗弯性能的非线性有限元分析

对经碳纤维加固后的钢筋混凝土梁进行有限元非线性全过程数值模拟分析。成功地解决了有限元求解碳纤维加固混凝土梁非线性数值的收敛问题,阐述了非线性的行为。有限元计算的结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,并对两者之间的误差所产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明,建立合理的有限元数值模型,并采用合理的求解策略,能很好的准确预测并模拟碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的抗弯性能,同时也为以后的数值研究工作奠定了基础。