碳纤维布在连拱隧道衬砌裂缝病害治理中的应用

延安至安塞高速公路墩山连拱隧道主体工程完工后,衬砌出现了不同程度的裂缝和渗漏水等病害,通过对衬砌裂缝特征、产生原因的分析,并根据裂缝的开裂程度与发展规律,采用碳纤维布对隧道衬砌裂缝进行了局部修复和整体加固补强。由于在施工过程中严格控制施工工艺和施工质量,达到了预期效果。通过碳纤维加固模拟和监测表明:衬砌裂缝得到了有效控制,支护受力处于安全状态,围岩稳定,碳纤维布加固效果显著。     

Quantifying the environmental impacts of increasing high occupancy vehicle lanes in the United States

To what extent will increasing High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane-kilometer incentivize carpooling and reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases? To answer these questions, we develop a multiple regression model relating HOV lanes and other socioeconomic factors to carpooling propensity in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, then calculate the extent to which increasing HOV lane-kilometers would lead to reductions in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) and major air pollutants across the U.S., by state. Increasing HOV lane extent has the greatest potential to reduce annual CO₂e in the District of Columbia, followed by Hawaii and New York. The smallest potential is found in states with the lowest population density, led by North Dakota. We then explore the extent to which recommendations made at one level of data aggregation (that of individual states) may be valid for another level, such as individual counties. The only state with sufficient data available to disaggregate the model to the county level is California, where we found a lower potential for state-wide CO₂e emission reductions under the county-level model as compared to the state-level model (0.69% as compared to 1.08%, under the same hypothetical scenario), albeit with significant differences in emission reduction potential between counties with higher vs. lower population densities. This analysis demonstrates the potential to generate generalizable insight into the magnitude of vehicle emission reductions that might be achieved through expanding HOV lanes, and highlights the importance of data disaggregation in identifying the optimal locations for potential reductions.     

潜艇舱室固态胺CO2清除技术的动力学分析

分析了潜艇舱室固态胺CO_2吸附及水蒸汽再生的反应机理,指出了CO_2水合反应和水合CO_2分解反应分别为吸附与再生过程的慢反应。在实际工况下,固态胺吸附CO_2的速率受传质控制,水蒸汽再生过程很快,其速率不是主要关注的问题。基于双膜理论及双电层理论,分析讨论了固态胺吸附传质过程,推导出了CO_2总的传质速率方程,给出了影响速率的两个可调因素--温度及固态胺的含水量。     

Atmospheric CO2 measurements and error analysis on seasonal air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Bay of Biscay

Atmospheric molar fraction of CO₂ (xCO₂^atm) measurements obtained on board of ships of opportunity are used to parameterize the seasonal cycle of atmospheric xCO₂ (xCO₂^atm) in three regions of the eastern North Atlantic (Galician and French offshore and Bay of Biscay). Three selection criteria are established to eliminate spurious values and identify xCO₂^atm data representative of atmospheric background values. The filtered data set is fitted to seasonal curve, consisting of an annual trend plus a seasonal cycle. Although the fitted curves are consistent with the seasonal evolution of xCO₂^atm data series from land meteorological stations, only ship-board measurements can report the presence of winter xCO₂^atm minimum on Bay of Biscay. Weekly air–sea CO₂ flux differences (mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1) produced by the several options of xCO₂^atm usually used (ship-board measurements, data from land meteorological stations and annually averaged values) were calculated in Bay of Biscay throughout 2003. Flux error using fitted seasonal curve relative to on board measurements was minimal, whereas land stations and annual means yielded random (− 0.2 ± 0.3 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1) and systematic (− 0.1 ± 0.4 mmol C·m^− 2 day^− 1), respectively. The effect of different available sources of sea level pressure, wind speed and transfer velocity were also evaluated. Wind speed and transfer velocity parameters are found as the most critical choice in the estimate of CO₂ fluxes reaching a flux uncertainty of 7 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1 during springtime. The atmospheric pressure shows a notable relative effect during summertime although its influence is quantitatively slight on annual scale (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol C·m^− 2·day^− 1). All results confirms the role of the Bay of Biscay as CO₂ sink for the 2003 with an annual mean CO₂ flux around − 5 ± 5 mmol C m^− 2 day^− 1.     

潜艇舱室固态胺CO2清除技术的化学热力学分析

依据有关文献提供的热力学状态函数值,分水蒸汽再生和真空再生两种工况,近似计算了标准状态和实际状况下固态胺吸附与解吸CO2反应的平衡与程度,并讨论了温度、湿度和二氧化碳分压等对其所产生的影响。     

灵宝环城斜交桥病害分析与加固技术

在分析灵宝环城大桥病害的基础上提出斜交桥上下部整体加固设计方法。该推荐方案为基本构件和节点碳纤维加固和桥面浇筑整体化钢筋混凝土层、基础砌筑片石混凝土防护。该方案不仅提高了桥梁结构的整体刚度和承载力,达到荷载等级提高的目的;而且很好地控制裂缝的发展。通过对比加固前后静载和动载数据,得出该推荐方案在旧桥加固中的优势。     

碳纤维板在重载铁路低高度钢筋混凝土板梁体外预应力加固中的应用研究

迄今,预应力碳纤维板应用于重载铁路钢筋混凝土梁加固改造的实例较少,其加固效果尚需深入研究。本文先阐述了体外预应力加固钢筋混凝土构件的设计思路,又根据现行铁路规范对加固前后梁体的应力、挠度及裂缝宽度进行了检算,并通过试验场内的静载试验验证了预应力碳纤维板加固钢筋混凝土板梁的加固效果。研究结果表明,采用预应力碳纤维板加固钢筋混凝土梁能够显著提高梁体受力性能,在1.2倍ZH荷载作用下能够满足运营要求,该技术可以在重载铁路加固改造中推广应用。     

CO2电催化还原的研究

以混合的金属氧化物RuO_2、TiO_2、Ag_2O和SnO_2对钛表面进行了修饰,得到了四个不同氧化物组成的钛电极,即RuO_2 TiO_2/Ti(35:65,A)、RuO_2 TiO_2/Ti(25:75,B)、RuO_2 TiO_2 Ag_2O/Ti(C)和RuO_2 TiO_2 SnO2/Ti(D),采用循环伏安法研究了其常温常压下在0.1mol/L的KHCO3水溶液中的电化学行为,在-900mV的恒定电位下进行了CO2的还原,分析了电极的稳定性和还原产物的情况。结果表明,金属氧化物电极对CO2还原产生了很好的催化作用,-900mV下对甲酸和甲醇有高的选择性,还原的液相产物中仅发现了甲酸和甲醇,电极A、B、C和D上生成甲酸和甲醇的总电流效率分别为84.4%、57.4%、93.1%和88.1%,且长时间电解过程中电极具有很好的稳定性,是有很好应用前景的催化电极材料。     

固态胺纤维吸附CO2速率实验研究

模拟核潜艇环境工况条件,对固态胺纤维吸附CO2进行研究。实验测定了环境温度25℃、环境压力101kPa、气相中CO2含量0.5%时,固态胺纤维有水存在下吸附CO2的速率为5.57×10-4mmolig-1is-1。理论分析了吸附速率的控制过程,结果表明固态胺纤维吸附CO2总速率受双膜理论的液膜控制。     

Air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002–2004

Air–sea fluxes in the Caribbean Sea are presented based on measurements of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface seawater, pCO_2sw, from an automated system onboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas for 2002 through 2004. The pCO_2sw values are used to develop algorithms of pCO_2sw based on sea surface temperature (SST) and position. The algorithms are applied to assimilated SST data and remotely sensed winds on a 1° by 1° grid to estimate the fluxes on weekly timescales in the region. The positive relationship between pCO_2sw and SST is lower than the isochemical trend suggesting counteracting effects from biological processes. The relationship varies systematically with location with a stronger dependence further south. Furthermore, the southern area shows significantly lower pCO_2sw in the fall compared to the spring at the same SST, which is attributed to differences in salinity. The annual algorithms for the entire region show a slight trend between 2002 and 2004 suggesting an increase of pCO_2sw over time. This is in accord with the increasing pCO_2sw due the invasion of anthropogenic CO₂. The annual fluxes of CO₂ yield a net invasion of CO₂ to the ocean that ranges from − 0.04 to − 1.2 mol m^− 2 year^− 1 over the 3 years. There is a seasonal reversal in the direction of the flux with CO₂ entering into the ocean during the winter and an evasion during the summer. Year-to-year differences in flux are primarily caused by temperature anomalies in the late winter and spring period resulting in changes in invasion during these seasons. An analysis of pCO_2sw before and after hurricane Frances (September 4–6, 2004), and wind records during the storm suggest a large local enhancement of the flux but minimal influence on annual fluxes in the region.