高速公路炭质页（泥）岩路堤变形特性研究

文章依托六寨至河池高速公路项目,介绍了炭质页岩的工程特性、化学组成及物理力学性质,研究了复杂应力条件下炭质页岩路堤的湿化变形特性,并提出了相应的技术参数选取要点和变形控制措施。     

Modeling the relationships among urban passenger travel carbon dioxide emissions,transportation demand and supply,population density,and proxy policy variables

To support the development of policies that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by encouraging reduced travel and increased use of efficient transportation modes, it is necessary to better understand the explanatory effects that transportation, population density, and policy variables have on passenger travel related CO₂ emissions. This study presents the development of a model of CO₂ emissions per capita as a function of various explanatory variables using data on 146 urbanized areas in the United States. The model takes into account selectivity bias resulting from the fact that adopting policies aimed at reducing emissions in an urbanized area may be partly driven by the presence of environmental concerns in that area. The results indicate that population density, transit share, freeway lane-miles per capita, private vehicle occupancy, and average travel time have a statistically significant explanatory effect on passenger travel related CO₂ emissions. In addition, the presence of automobile emissions inspection programs, which serves as a proxy indicator of other policies addressing environmental concerns and which could influence travelers in making environmentally favorable travel choices, markedly changes the manner in which transportation variables explain CO₂ emission levels.     

高速铁路生命周期碳排放计算方法

基于生命周期评价理论,对高速铁路生命周期二氧化碳排放计算的边界进行界定,将高速铁路的生命周期划分为基础设施建造、运营和回收3个阶段；根据对各阶段高速铁路二氧化碳排放清单的分析,分别给出各个阶段二氧化碳排放的计算式；通过算例分析了高速铁路在建造和运营阶段碳排放的特点.分析和数值计算结果表明,虽然在高速铁路基础设施建设过程中由于大量建设材料和高能耗施工机械的使用,使得高速铁路建造阶段的二氧化碳排放量相对较多；但是,由于高速铁路具有节约能源、节省土地和货运增量替代效应等特点,使得高速铁路进入运营阶段后二氧化碳的排放量大幅度减少,即从生命周期全过程来看,高速铁路具有较好的减排效果.     

碳纤维布与钢板复合加固钢筋混凝土梁刚度分析

碳纤维布与钢板复合加固是一种新型的加固方法,可应用于桥梁等大跨度梁的加固。本文对12根碳纤维布与钢板复合加固钢筋混凝土梁进行了试验研究,结果表明,碳纤维布与钢板复合加固方法可较大幅度地提高钢筋混凝土梁的截面刚度,减小其变形。在试验研究的基础上,分析钢筋混凝土梁在碳纤维布与钢板复合加固后截面刚度的变化规律,并运用刚度解析法对截面刚度进行了计算,同时结合相关试验资料的统计分析,提出复合加固梁截面刚度的简化计算公式。其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可为实际工程应用提供参考。     

碳纤维布与钢板粘结拉伸承载力计算

为分析碳纤维布与钢板复合加固方法中的碳纤维布与钢板的协调性,进行5组碳纤维布和钢板粘结复合材料试件的单轴拉伸试验,研究碳纤维布与钢板粘结复合材料的破坏特征、受力性能和破坏机理。试验结果表明:复合材料的破坏形式为碳纤维布被拉断或碳纤维布与钢板发生剥离破坏;与对比钢板相比,复合材料的极限承载力提高显著,屈服后的刚度提高也较大,而屈服荷载提高较少;随着碳纤维布层数的增加,复合材料的极限承载力增长较快。在试验研究的基础上,提出复合材料屈服荷载和极限承载力的计算公式,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,标准差和变异系数均小于0.035,可供工程参考应用。     

Planktonic community structure and carbon cycling in the Arabian Sea as a result of monsoonal forcing: the application of a generic model

The Arabian Sea exhibits a complex pattern of biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, which vary both seasonally and spatially. These dynamics have been studied using a one-dimensional vertical hydrodynamic model coupled to a complex ecosystem model, simulating the annual cycle at three contrasting stations. These stations are characterised by seasonally upwelling, mixed-layer-deepening and a-seasonal oligotrophic conditions, respectively, and coincide with extensively measured stations on the two JGOFS ARABESQUE cruises in 1994. The model reproduces many spatial and temporal trends in production, biomass, physical and chemical properties, both qualitatively and quantitatively and so gives insight into the main mechanisms responsible for the biogeochemical and ecological complexity. Monsoonal systems are typified by classical food web dynamics, whilst intermonsoonal and oligotrophic systems are dominated by the microbial loop. The ecosystem model (ERSEM), developed for temperate regions, is found to be applicable to the Arabian Sea system with little reparameterisation. Differences in in-situ physical forcing are sufficient to recreate contrasting eutrophic and oligotrophic systems, although the lack of lateral terms are probably the greatest source of error in the model. Physics, nutrients, light and grazing are all shown to play a role in controlling production and community structure. Small-celled phytoplanktons are predicted to be dominant and sub-surface chlorophyll maxima are robust centers of production during intermonsoon periods. Analysis of carbon fluxes indicate that physically driven outgassing of CO₂ predominates in monsoonal upwelling systems but ecological activity may significantly moderate CO₂ outgassing in the Arabian Sea interior.     

碳纤维布在沙河桥工型梁加固工程中的应用

采用碳纤维布加固混凝土结构是国内日渐关注和发展的加固应用技术,结合107国道河北省新乐市一沙河大桥、三沙河大桥加固工程,介绍了原材料、设备等,阐述了采用碳纤维布粘贴在工型梁底部进行桥梁加固的作用机理和施工工艺。     

Surface CO2 measurements in the English Channel and Southern Bight of North Sea using voluntary observing ships

Ships of opportunity have been used to investigate ocean–atmosphere CO₂ fluxes in the English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea. Continuous underway measurements of the fugacity of seawater carbon dioxide (fCO₂^sw), chlorophyll, temperature and salinity have been performed along 26 transects during the spring and autumn periods. The spatial fCO₂^sw distribution along the Channel and Southern Bight is modulated by the photosynthetic activity, temperature changes and water mixing between inputs from the North Atlantic Ocean and riverine discharges. The seasonal variability of fCO₂^sw is assessed and discussed in terms of the biology and temperature effects, these having similar impacts. The variation of fCO₂^sw shows similar interannual patterns, with lower values in spring. The annual average of air–sea CO₂ fluxes places the English Channel as neutral area of CO₂ uptake. The spring and autumn data allow differentiating between distal and proximal continental areas. The Southern Bight shows a tendency towards net CO₂ uptake on the distal continental shelf, whereas the Scheldt and Thames Plumes show a CO₂ source behaviour on the proximal continental shelves.     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

Trends in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of future light duty electric vehicles

The majority of previous studies examining life cycle greenhouse gas (LCGHG) emissions of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have focused on efficiency-oriented vehicle designs with limited battery capacities. However, two dominant trends in the US BEV market make these studies increasingly obsolete: sales show significant increases in battery capacity and attendant range and are increasingly dominated by large luxury or high-performance vehicles. In addition, an era of new use and ownership models may mean significant changes to vehicle utilization, and the carbon intensity of electricity is expected to decrease. Thus, the question is whether these trends significantly alter our expectations of future BEV LCGHG emissions.To answer this question, three archetypal vehicle designs for the year 2025 along with scenarios for increased range and different use models are simulated in an LCGHG model: an efficiency-oriented compact vehicle; a high performance luxury sedan; and a luxury sport utility vehicle. While production emissions are less than 10% of LCGHG emissions for today’s gasoline vehicles, they account for about 40% for a BEV, and as much as two-thirds of a future BEV operated on a primarily renewable grid. Larger battery systems and low utilization do not outweigh expected reductions in emissions from electricity used for vehicle charging. These trends could be exacerbated by increasing BEV market shares for larger vehicles. However, larger battery systems could reduce per-mile emissions of BEVs in high mileage applications, like on-demand ride sharing or shared vehicle fleets, meaning that trends in use patterns may countervail those in BEV design.