超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电机的设计及应用探讨

本文主要对超临界二氧化碳的物性特点及使用超临界二氧化碳为工质的涡轮发电机技术进行概述,提出基于超临界二氧化碳为工质的涡轮机设计的主要技术难点,包括涡轮设计、动密封设计、润滑设计及冷却设计,并在此基础上设计了涡轮机通过联轴器拖动高速发电机的组合原理样机;最后分别在氮吹试验台、超临界二氧化碳布雷顿热力循环系统上对涡轮发电机进行2种工质下的气吹试验,功率分别达到了12.6 kW和5.8 kW;通过试验证实了超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电机技术上的可行性,并为此种技术在船舶上的应用指明了方向.     

超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电在船舶余热利用上的技术分析

船舶动力技术水平关系到国家经济发展与军事安全,其中实现其发动机排气余热高效利用是一项关键技术.船舶具有多种余热利用的途径,现代船舶对于电能的需求越来越大,利用余热进行发电具有前景.超临界二氧化碳具有良好的密度和流动特性,可在中低温区实现高效的涡轮机械作功,相比温差发电或燃气轮机发电具有明确的效率优势.本文对比分析了超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电的发展现状和关键技术,并针对船舶参数开展30 kW级超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电机的研制,在氮吹试验中实现了36 kW/36.5 kr/min的功率输出,可进一步验证并推进超临界二氧化碳涡轮发电在船舶余热利用上的发展.     

Sustainable cold supply chain management under demand uncertainty and carbon tax regulation

Increasing awareness of sustainability in supply chain management has prompted organizations and individuals to consider environmental impacts when managing supply chains. The issues concerning environmental impacts are significant in cold supply chains due to substantial carbon emissions from storage and distribution of temperature-sensitive product. This paper investigates the impact of carbon emissions arising from storage and transportation in the cold supply chain in the presence of carbon tax regulation, and under uncertain demand. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed to determine optimal replenishment policies and transportation schedules to minimize both operational and emissions costs. A matheuristic algorithm based on the Iterated Local Search (ILS) algorithm and a mixed integer programming is developed to solve the problem in realistic sizes. The performance and robustness of the matheuristic algorithm are analyzed using test instances in various sizes. A real-world case study in Queensland, Australia is used to demonstrate the application of the model. The results highlight that higher emissions price does not always contribute to the efficiency of the cold supply chain system. Furthermore, the analyses indicate that using heterogeneous fleet including light duty and medium duty vehicles can lead to further cost saving and emissions reduction.     

Development and prospects of key technology for submarine atmospheric environment control北大核心CSCD

Air regeneration, harmful gas purification and atmospheric composition monitoring are the key technologies of submarine atmospheric environment control systems. After years of development, China has made great progress in such systems, which have developed from ensuring the safety requirements of submariner and equipment operation to ensuring the health of submariner and reliability of system for long-term underwater operation. This paper reviews the development history of submarine atmospheric environment control technologies and introduces their future development prospects. The developers of integrated atmospheric environment control technology should learn from foreign submarine and aerosphere equipment technologies, which aim to support long-term submerged operation and comfort demands, and better adapt to future submarine technology development and evolving mission, in order to constantly enhance the level of submarine cabin air quality of the Chinese navy. © 2022 Journal of Clinical Hepatology. All rights reserved.     

Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK

For the UK to meet their national target of net zero emissions as part of the central Paris Agreement target, further emphasis needs to be placed on decarbonizing public transport and moving away from personal transport (conventionally fuelled vehicles (CFVs) and electric vehicles (EVs)). Electric buses (EBs) and hydrogen buses (HBs) have the potential to fulfil requirements if powered from low carbon renewable energy sources.A comparison of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions produced from conventionally fuelled buses (CFB), EBs and HBs between 2017 and 2050 under four National Grid electricity scenarios was conducted. In addition, emissions per person at different vehicle capacity levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were projected for CFBs, HBs, EBs and personal transport assuming a maximum of 80 passengers per bus and four per personal vehicle.Results indicated that CFVs produced 30 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person compared to 16.3 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person by CFBs by 2050. At 100% capacity, under the two-degree scenario, CFB emissions were 36 times higher than EBs, 9 times higher than HBs and 12 times higher than EVs in 2050. Cumulative emissions under all electricity scenarios remained lower for EBs and HBs.Policy makers need to focus on encouraging a modal shift from personal transport towards sustainable public transport, primarily EBs as the lowest level emitting vehicle type. Simple electrification of personal vehicles will not meet the required targets. Simultaneously, CFBs need to be replaced with EBs and HBs if the UK is going to meet emission targets.     

Carbon emission from urban passenger transportation in Beijing

Urban passenger transport significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially in developing countries owing to the rapid motorization, thus making it an important target for carbon reduction. This article established a method to estimate and analyze carbon emission from urban passenger transport including cars, rail transit, taxis and buses. The scope of research was defined based on car registration area, transport types and modes, the stages of rail transit energy consumption. The data availability and gathering were fully illustrated. A city level emission model for the aforementioned four modes of passenger transport was formulated, and parameters including emission factor of electricity and fuel efficiency were tailored according to local situations such as energy structure and field survey. The results reveal that the emission from Beijing’s urban passenger transport in 2012 stood at 15 million tonnes of CO₂, of which 75.5% was from cars, whereas car trip sharing constitutes only 42.5% of the total residential trips. Bus travel, yielding 28.6 g CO₂, is the most efficient mode of transport under the current situations in terms of per passenger kilometer (PKM) emission, whereas car or taxi trips emit more than 5 times that of bus trips. Although a decrease trend appears, Beijing still has potential for further carbon reduction in passenger transport field in contrast to other cities in developed countries. Development of rail transit and further limitation on cars could assist in reducing 4.39 million tonnes CO₂ emission.     

Low-carbon futures for Shenzhen’s urban passenger transport: A human-based approach

Shenzhen, one of China’s leading cities, has the potential to be a model for achieving China’s ambitious CO₂ emission reduction targets. Using data from a travel diary survey in Shenzhen in 2014, we develop a human-based agent model to conduct a scenario study of future urban passenger transport energy consumption and CO₂ emissions from 2014 to 2050. Responses to different policy interventions at the individual level are taken into account. We find that with current policies, the carbon emissions of the urban passenger transport sector in Shenzhen will continuously increase without a peak before 2050. Strengthening 21 transport policies will help Shenzhen to peak the carbon emissions by 2030 for passenger transport. Among these policies, the car quota policy and the fuel economy standard are essential for achieving a carbon peak by 2030. In addition, a package of seven policies, including fewer car quotas, a stricter fuel economy standard, raising parking fees, limiting parking supply, increasing EV charging facilities and subway lines, and improving public transport services, is sufficient to peak carbon emissions by 2030, although at an emissions level higher than for the 21 policies.     

石家庄市居民出行交通碳排放调查分析

交通能源的消耗在城市能源消耗中占有很大的比例,发展低碳交通是交通可持续发展的必然趋势。介绍石家庄市交通现状及交通排放现状,分析石家庄市发展低碳交通的必要性,并针对发展低碳交通提出建议。     

Comparing carbon dioxide emissions of trucking and intermodal container transport in Taiwan

This paper examines carbon dioxide emissions of truck-only transportation using activity-based emission modelling and compares those with intermodal coastal shipping and truck movements. The results reveal that replacing long-haul truck transport with the intermodal can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emission significantly because of the efficiency of maritime fuel.     

道路交通碳排放核算方法研究

通过文献查阅及行业调研,研究道路交通车辆运行阶段的CO₂排放核算方法。分析国内外碳排放核算方法的现状,采用“自上而下”法和“自下而上”法对现阶段道路交通碳排放核算方法进行归纳,并通过总结不同活动数据及排放因子的来源,将其进一步分为基于燃料单位热值排放因子、基于试验测试排放因子、基于道路交通排放核算模型和基于机动车在线监控平台的4类核算方法,提出了现在及未来的应用场景,为道路交通碳排放核算提供理论和方法支撑。