Low-carbon futures for Shenzhen’s urban passenger transport: A human-based approach

Shenzhen, one of China’s leading cities, has the potential to be a model for achieving China’s ambitious CO₂ emission reduction targets. Using data from a travel diary survey in Shenzhen in 2014, we develop a human-based agent model to conduct a scenario study of future urban passenger transport energy consumption and CO₂ emissions from 2014 to 2050. Responses to different policy interventions at the individual level are taken into account. We find that with current policies, the carbon emissions of the urban passenger transport sector in Shenzhen will continuously increase without a peak before 2050. Strengthening 21 transport policies will help Shenzhen to peak the carbon emissions by 2030 for passenger transport. Among these policies, the car quota policy and the fuel economy standard are essential for achieving a carbon peak by 2030. In addition, a package of seven policies, including fewer car quotas, a stricter fuel economy standard, raising parking fees, limiting parking supply, increasing EV charging facilities and subway lines, and improving public transport services, is sufficient to peak carbon emissions by 2030, although at an emissions level higher than for the 21 policies.     

CO2 emissions from typical cement plants in China

The objective is to know how the CO₂ emits and how much the CO₂ emits due to the cement manufacture in both direct and indirect ways with the increasing concerns about the global warming and the cement plants emitting huge CO₂. A precise method to calculate CO₂ emissions including three processes was established in this paper and a case study was provided. From the case of 23 typical plants in China, we can see the amount of CO₂ emissions at the right level. The summary of CO₂ emissions consists of emissions from raw materials, fuels and electricity. The average result of the 23 typical plants is 0.74 t CO₂ per ton clinker in this study. Therefore, CO₂ emissions from these typical cement plants were pictured and then measured. The creative point is that an approach provides a basic framework to identify various situations in different cement plants in China and other in the rest of the world. The framework would be useful in quantitatively evaluating CO₂ emissions for government to know precisely CO₂ emissions in the cement plants.     

基于响应面法的船体CFRP帽形加筋板优化设计

针对船体碳纤维增强聚合物（Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP）帽形加筋板的优化设计问题,提出一种基于响应面法（Response Surface Methodology,RSM）的结构优化方法。对船体CFRP帽形加筋板进行静力学计算和特征值屈曲分析,获取加筋板结构的质量特征和力学特性。采用拉丁超立方体抽样（Latin Hypercube Sampling,LHS）进行响应面试验,采用多目标遗传算法（Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm,MOGA）进行迭代寻优,获得满足尺寸约束和稳定性要求的最佳设计方案。优化结果表明,面板厚度和帽形梁厚度对加筋板屈曲载荷和质量的影响较为敏感。响应面模型的预测精度较高,所提出的优化设计方案具有良好的应用性,可为CFRP船体结构的优化设计和工程应用等提供参考。     

出租车碳排放时空分布特征及减排潜力评估

为揭示出租车碳排放时空分布特征;本文基于出租车GPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)轨迹数据提取轨迹点间的平均速度和行驶里程等参数;构建COPERT(ComputerProgrammetoCalculate Emissions from Road Transport)微观排放模型量化出租车排放。在此基础上;采用分布拟合分析排放在时间、空间和车辆上的分布特征。最后;基于分析结果提出出租车限行和速度管控两项交通管理措施;并通过数值模拟对措施的减排潜力进行评估。以长治市为例进行实证研究;结果表明;出租车行业存在零和博弈现象;排放更加均匀分布于8:00-13:00和14:00-22:00之间。节点和路段上集聚的排放量服从截断幂律分布;排放量最高的前10%的节点和路段分别汇集了95.59%和74.71%的排放量。评估结果表明;出租车限行政策最高能减少约20.35%的排放量;出租车行驶速度为15m·s-1左右时;排放因子最低;且将速度保持在15m·s-1时;最高能减少21.43%的排放量;选取排放量最高的前10%的路段进行速度管控能减少16.23%的排放;而随机选取相同数量的路段仅能减少2.37%的排放。结果可为城市交通制定精细化的碳排放管控策略和节能减排措施提供支持。     

CO2分析仪表便携式标校装置的实验研究

为解决预配标准气体钢瓶CO2分析仪表标校存在配气方法复杂、携带不便等问题,研制可用于CO2分析仪表标校的便携式装置,对利用定量碳酸氢钠和碳酸氢钾热分解获得定量二氧化碳并与N2混合制备出标校用CO2标准气体进行实验,结果表明此方案可行。     

Development and prospects of key technology for submarine atmospheric environment control北大核心CSCD

Air regeneration, harmful gas purification and atmospheric composition monitoring are the key technologies of submarine atmospheric environment control systems. After years of development, China has made great progress in such systems, which have developed from ensuring the safety requirements of submariner and equipment operation to ensuring the health of submariner and reliability of system for long-term underwater operation. This paper reviews the development history of submarine atmospheric environment control technologies and introduces their future development prospects. The developers of integrated atmospheric environment control technology should learn from foreign submarine and aerosphere equipment technologies, which aim to support long-term submerged operation and comfort demands, and better adapt to future submarine technology development and evolving mission, in order to constantly enhance the level of submarine cabin air quality of the Chinese navy. © 2022 Journal of Clinical Hepatology. All rights reserved.     

Seasonal study of dissolved CH4, CO2 and N2O in a shallow tidal system of the bay of Cádiz (SW Spain)

During 2004, 10 samplings were performed in order to measure dissolved methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the surface waters of Río San Pedro, a tidal creek in the salt marsh area of the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain). The inner partvs of the creek is affected by the inputs coming from an intensive fish farm and the drainage of an extensive salt marsh area.Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O concentrations ranged from 11 to 88 nM, 36 to 108 μM and 14 to 50 nM, respectively. Surface waters were in all cases oversaturated with respect to the atmosphere, reaching values of up to 5000% for CH₄, 1240% for CO₂ and 840% for N₂O. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O showed a significant tidal and seasonal variability. Over a tidal cycle, concentrations were always highest during low tide, which points to the influence of the inputs from the fish farm effluent and the drainage of the adjacent salt marsh area, as well as in situ production within the system. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O seasonal patterns were similar and showed maximum concentrations in summer conditions. Using four different parameterizations to calculate the gas transfer coefficients [Liss, P.S. and Merlivat, L., 1986. Air-sea exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In P. Buat-Ménard (Ed.), The Role of Air-Sea Exchanges in Geochemical Cycling. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 113–127.; Clark, J.F., Schlosser, P., Simpson, H.J., Stute, M., Wanninkhof, R., and Ho, D.T., 1995. Relationship between gas transfer velocities and wind speeds in the tidal Hudson River determined by the dual tracer technique. In: B. Jähne and E. Monahan (Eds.), Air-Water Gas Transfer: AEON Verlag and Studio, Hanau, Germany, pp. 785–800.; Carini, S., Weston, N., Hopkinson, G., Tucker, J., Giblin, A. and Vallino, J., 1996. Gas exchanges rates in the Parker River estuary, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull., 191: 333–334.; Kremer, J.N., Reischauer, A. and D'Avanzo, C., 2003. Estuary-specific variation in the air-water gas exchange coefficient for oxygen. Estuaries, 26: 829–836.], the averaged air–water fluxes of CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O from the creek to the atmosphere ranged between 34 and 150 μmol CH₄ m^− 2 day^− 1, 73 and 177 mmol CO₂ m^− 2 day^− 1 and 24 and 62 μmol N₂O m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively.     

CO低温氧化霍加拉特催化剂的研究综述

CO低温氧化霍加拉特催化剂主要由铜锰混合氧化物组成。综述了制备前体、沉淀条件、老化时间、煅烧条件、杂质等对催化剂的影响,探讨了霍加拉特催化剂在价态、形态结构和反应方面低温氧化CO的机理以及引起催化剂失活的原因,展望了未来的发展方向。     

Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon emissions from the transportation sector in Beijing

In the process of rapid development and urbanization in Beijing, identifying the potential factors of carbon emissions in the transportation sector is an important prerequisite to controlling carbon emissions. Based on the expanded Kaya identity, we built a multivariate generalized Fisher index (GFI) decomposition model to measure the influence of the energy structure, energy intensity, output value of per unit traffic turnover, transportation intensity, economic growth and population size on carbon emissions from 1995 to 2012 in the transportation sector of Beijing. Compared to most methods used in previous studies, the GFI model possesses the advantage of eliminating decomposition residuals, which enables it to display better decomposition characteristics (Ang et al., 2004). The results show: (i) The primary positive drivers of carbon emissions in the transportation sector include the economic growth, energy intensity and population size. The cumulative contribution of economic growth to transportation carbon emissions reaches 334.5%. (ii) The negative drivers are the transportation intensity and energy structure, while the transportation intensity is the main factor that restrains transportation carbon emissions. The energy structure displays a certain inhibition effect, but its inhibition is not obvious. (iii) The contribution rate of the output value of per unit traffic turnover on transportation carbon emissions appears as a flat “M”. To suppress the growth of carbon emissions in transportation further, the government of Beijing should take the measures of promoting the development of new energy vehicles, limiting private vehicles’ increase and promoting public transportation, evacuating non-core functions of Beijing and continuingly controlling population size.     

Scientific research about climate change mitigation in transport: A critical review

This paper seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the research on climate change mitigation in transport. We suggest that work to date has focused on the effects of improvements in transport technologies, changes in the price of transport, physical infrastructure provision, behavioural change and alternative institutional arrangements for governing transport systems. In terms of research methodologies, positivist and quantitative analysis prevails, although there are signs of experimentation with non-positivist epistemologies and participatory methods. These particular engagements with climate change mitigation reflect mutually reinforcing tendencies within and beyond the academic transport community. We first draw on a revised version of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science to explore the path dependencies within transport studies, which are at least partly responsible for the predisposition towards quantitative modelling and technology, pricing and infrastructure oriented interventions in transport systems. We then employ the governmentality perspective to examine how transport academics’ engagements with climate change mitigation depend on and align with more general understandings of climate change in UK society and beyond. The analysis makes clear that ecological modernisation and neo-liberal governmentality more generally provide the context for the current focus on and belief in technological, behaviour change, and especially market-based mitigation strategies. While current research trajectories are important and insightful, we believe that a deeper engagement with theoretical insights from the social sciences will produce richer understandings of transport mitigation in transport and briefly outline some of the contributions thinking on socio-technical transitions and practice theories can make.