石墨含量与粒度对PPS基碳质摩擦材料性能的影响

对聚苯硫醚（PPS）中添加不同石墨含量与粒度的摩擦材料与纯树脂材料的摩擦学特性进行比较研究,从而确定石墨含量和粒度对摩擦材料特性的影响规律,为正确设计碳质摩擦材料的配方奠定基础。试验结果表明,当石墨含量增加时,材料的硬度和抗压强度逐渐下降,材料的摩擦因数则先降后升;当石墨粒度不断细化时,材料硬度增加,而抗压强度和摩擦因数都下降;随着石墨含量的增加,磨损机制从粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主逐渐过渡到磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主。     

中国车用燃料WTW分析及电动车发展模式思考

针对中国正在使用的和潜在的车用燃料,应用＂油井到车轮＂方法,计算并比较了各种燃料的能量效率与CO2排放量.计算结果表明,工业副产氢经提纯后用于燃料电池车的能量效率最高、CO2排放量最少;蓄电池电动车在能效、排放及产业化3方面深具竞争性.还就蓄电池电动车的应用推广,在能源互联网的框架下,提出了＂以可再生能源电网终端（如：太阳能发电厂、风能发电厂和水力发电厂等）为中心就近发展电动车＂的观点.     

基于汽油含碳量的碳平衡法模型

汽车燃油消耗量的测量具有重要意义,但现有的测量方法难以实现不解体快速测量。依据碳平衡法原理,建立测量汽车燃油消耗量的碳平衡法模型,并设计测试系统。为减小由于碳平衡法基本假设所带来的偏差,对碳平衡法模型进行修正。由此,可通过测量尾气中CO、CO2、HC的含量,得到汽车燃油消耗量。试验结果表明,该方法有较好的精度及稳定性,可用于汽车燃油消耗量的检测。     

Sustainable cold supply chain management under demand uncertainty and carbon tax regulation

Increasing awareness of sustainability in supply chain management has prompted organizations and individuals to consider environmental impacts when managing supply chains. The issues concerning environmental impacts are significant in cold supply chains due to substantial carbon emissions from storage and distribution of temperature-sensitive product. This paper investigates the impact of carbon emissions arising from storage and transportation in the cold supply chain in the presence of carbon tax regulation, and under uncertain demand. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed to determine optimal replenishment policies and transportation schedules to minimize both operational and emissions costs. A matheuristic algorithm based on the Iterated Local Search (ILS) algorithm and a mixed integer programming is developed to solve the problem in realistic sizes. The performance and robustness of the matheuristic algorithm are analyzed using test instances in various sizes. A real-world case study in Queensland, Australia is used to demonstrate the application of the model. The results highlight that higher emissions price does not always contribute to the efficiency of the cold supply chain system. Furthermore, the analyses indicate that using heterogeneous fleet including light duty and medium duty vehicles can lead to further cost saving and emissions reduction.     

Electric and hydrogen buses: Shifting from conventionally fuelled cars in the UK

For the UK to meet their national target of net zero emissions as part of the central Paris Agreement target, further emphasis needs to be placed on decarbonizing public transport and moving away from personal transport (conventionally fuelled vehicles (CFVs) and electric vehicles (EVs)). Electric buses (EBs) and hydrogen buses (HBs) have the potential to fulfil requirements if powered from low carbon renewable energy sources.A comparison of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions produced from conventionally fuelled buses (CFB), EBs and HBs between 2017 and 2050 under four National Grid electricity scenarios was conducted. In addition, emissions per person at different vehicle capacity levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were projected for CFBs, HBs, EBs and personal transport assuming a maximum of 80 passengers per bus and four per personal vehicle.Results indicated that CFVs produced 30 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person compared to 16.3 gCO₂ km⁻¹ per person by CFBs by 2050. At 100% capacity, under the two-degree scenario, CFB emissions were 36 times higher than EBs, 9 times higher than HBs and 12 times higher than EVs in 2050. Cumulative emissions under all electricity scenarios remained lower for EBs and HBs.Policy makers need to focus on encouraging a modal shift from personal transport towards sustainable public transport, primarily EBs as the lowest level emitting vehicle type. Simple electrification of personal vehicles will not meet the required targets. Simultaneously, CFBs need to be replaced with EBs and HBs if the UK is going to meet emission targets.     

跨临界CO2制冷系统气体冷却器分布参数仿真

运用分布参数法建立了船用跨临界CO2制冷系统的关键部件之一-气体冷却器的稳态仿真模型,用此模型分析了气体冷却器变工况、变结构参数特性,并与集中参数模型进行了对比.此外,还分析了主要特性参数的空间分布情况,得出了一些可供系统设计及调试参考的结论.     

道路交通碳排放核算方法研究

通过文献查阅及行业调研,研究道路交通车辆运行阶段的CO₂排放核算方法。分析国内外碳排放核算方法的现状,采用“自上而下”法和“自下而上”法对现阶段道路交通碳排放核算方法进行归纳,并通过总结不同活动数据及排放因子的来源,将其进一步分为基于燃料单位热值排放因子、基于试验测试排放因子、基于道路交通排放核算模型和基于机动车在线监控平台的4类核算方法,提出了现在及未来的应用场景,为道路交通碳排放核算提供理论和方法支撑。     

CO2储存环境对固井水泥性质影响之研究

CO2存入地下以地质封存方式进行减量是一项可行的工程手段。干燥情况下CO2基本没有危害。然而在进行地质封存时,气井通常在地下水层、盐水层等潮湿的环境下操作,CO2与水结合会形成碳酸,形成一个酸性的环境。实验室观测表明API G级油井水泥添加包括飞灰、膨润土、重晶石与硅粉在潮湿(100%)、饱和CO2条件(常压,70℃)环境养护条件下28 d,研究其力学性能、化学成分及微观结构之间的关系。实验项目包括抗压强度、微观结构分析、X射线衍射及EDS扫描电镜。观察其养护样品发现,API G级油井水泥添加飞灰的水泥呈现出最佳抗压强度及最深的碳化深度。而API G级油井水泥添加膨润土的水泥现出最低抗压强度及最浅的碳化深度。     

RJJ-75-9TG井式气体渗碳炉工艺渗碳软件的应用

选用北京培特公司技术开发的HT8002AC井式炉渗碳/碳氮共渗工艺过程计算机控制系统,技术改进2台RJJ-75-9TG井式气体渗碳炉的渗碳控制系统,实现计算机对整个工艺渗碳全过程的模拟控制,并时刻跟踪和修正现场设备参数的动态变化。提升了渗碳件的产品质量,确保汉德公司两到三年之内的自制件,能够达到国际出口标准。     

Scientific research about climate change mitigation in transport: A critical review

This paper seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the research on climate change mitigation in transport. We suggest that work to date has focused on the effects of improvements in transport technologies, changes in the price of transport, physical infrastructure provision, behavioural change and alternative institutional arrangements for governing transport systems. In terms of research methodologies, positivist and quantitative analysis prevails, although there are signs of experimentation with non-positivist epistemologies and participatory methods. These particular engagements with climate change mitigation reflect mutually reinforcing tendencies within and beyond the academic transport community. We first draw on a revised version of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science to explore the path dependencies within transport studies, which are at least partly responsible for the predisposition towards quantitative modelling and technology, pricing and infrastructure oriented interventions in transport systems. We then employ the governmentality perspective to examine how transport academics’ engagements with climate change mitigation depend on and align with more general understandings of climate change in UK society and beyond. The analysis makes clear that ecological modernisation and neo-liberal governmentality more generally provide the context for the current focus on and belief in technological, behaviour change, and especially market-based mitigation strategies. While current research trajectories are important and insightful, we believe that a deeper engagement with theoretical insights from the social sciences will produce richer understandings of transport mitigation in transport and briefly outline some of the contributions thinking on socio-technical transitions and practice theories can make.