Surface CO2 measurements in the English Channel and Southern Bight of North Sea using voluntary observing ships

Ships of opportunity have been used to investigate ocean–atmosphere CO₂ fluxes in the English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea. Continuous underway measurements of the fugacity of seawater carbon dioxide (fCO₂^sw), chlorophyll, temperature and salinity have been performed along 26 transects during the spring and autumn periods. The spatial fCO₂^sw distribution along the Channel and Southern Bight is modulated by the photosynthetic activity, temperature changes and water mixing between inputs from the North Atlantic Ocean and riverine discharges. The seasonal variability of fCO₂^sw is assessed and discussed in terms of the biology and temperature effects, these having similar impacts. The variation of fCO₂^sw shows similar interannual patterns, with lower values in spring. The annual average of air–sea CO₂ fluxes places the English Channel as neutral area of CO₂ uptake. The spring and autumn data allow differentiating between distal and proximal continental areas. The Southern Bight shows a tendency towards net CO₂ uptake on the distal continental shelf, whereas the Scheldt and Thames Plumes show a CO₂ source behaviour on the proximal continental shelves.     

海上天然气田伴生CO2的海上捕集及回注技术

CO2减排是国际关注的热点问题。将CO2注入地下地质构造永久封存是CO2减排的有效途径。挪威Sleipner气田盐水层CO2封存工程是世界上第一个完全为了对CO2进行地质封存而实施的商业项目，为CO2的海上捕集、地质存储及其监测提供了极其宝贵的经验。详细介绍Sleipner气田海上平台MDEA法天然气分离CO2技术及CO2高压密相回注工艺，为我国南海莺歌海盆地天然气田伴生二氧化碳的埋存和利用提供参考。     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

Trends in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of future light duty electric vehicles

The majority of previous studies examining life cycle greenhouse gas (LCGHG) emissions of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have focused on efficiency-oriented vehicle designs with limited battery capacities. However, two dominant trends in the US BEV market make these studies increasingly obsolete: sales show significant increases in battery capacity and attendant range and are increasingly dominated by large luxury or high-performance vehicles. In addition, an era of new use and ownership models may mean significant changes to vehicle utilization, and the carbon intensity of electricity is expected to decrease. Thus, the question is whether these trends significantly alter our expectations of future BEV LCGHG emissions.To answer this question, three archetypal vehicle designs for the year 2025 along with scenarios for increased range and different use models are simulated in an LCGHG model: an efficiency-oriented compact vehicle; a high performance luxury sedan; and a luxury sport utility vehicle. While production emissions are less than 10% of LCGHG emissions for today’s gasoline vehicles, they account for about 40% for a BEV, and as much as two-thirds of a future BEV operated on a primarily renewable grid. Larger battery systems and low utilization do not outweigh expected reductions in emissions from electricity used for vehicle charging. These trends could be exacerbated by increasing BEV market shares for larger vehicles. However, larger battery systems could reduce per-mile emissions of BEVs in high mileage applications, like on-demand ride sharing or shared vehicle fleets, meaning that trends in use patterns may countervail those in BEV design.     

Experimental Investigation on Contribution of CFRP Attachment to Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structure Subjected to Chloride Attack

The function of externally-bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） in preventing chloride from entering into concrete is verified by experiment. The results show that externally-bonded CFRP can be considered as a part of corrosion prevention system of strengthened concrete structures subjected to chloride ingress, and the contribution of CFRP should be considered in evaluation of durability of reinforced concrete structures with externally-bonded CFRP. With the effective shielding function of CFRP considered, an equation for residual lifetime prediction of concrete structures with externally-bonded CFRP is derived from Fick＇s dispersion law. CFRP has two functions for coastal concrete structures, including strengthening and increasing durability as part of corrosion prevention system.     

O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程及其化学反应动力学参数研究

用热重分析仪对 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟的氧化过程进行了试验研究,并利用程序升温氧化（TPO）试验对其化学反应动力学参数进行了研究,建立了 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程的化学反应动力学模型,并用模型对 O2和 NO2对炭烟的氧化效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：柴油机炭烟在 O2气氛下大约从700 K 时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为76．8 kJ／mol ,对 O2的反应级数为0．85;而在 NO2气氛下大约从600 K时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为21．9 kJ／mol ,对 NO2的反应级数为0．85。在柴油机排气组分条件下,当温度低于750 K 时,NO2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导;而当温度高于800 K 时,O2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导。     

二氧化氯和氯用于饮水消毒的对比

选择细菌,大肠杆菌,氯仿、苯并（ａ）芘四项指标,对比二氧化氯和氯作为饮水消毒剂对各项指标的影响,结果表明,二氧化氯投加剂量低于氯;二氧化氯对水中致癌性物质苯并（ａ）芘有明显的降解作用,而氯则没有;加氯是产生氯仿的主要原因,而二氯化氯则不产生致癌致支变的氯仿。     

B级碳素船体钢焊接接头耐蚀性研究

通过室内腐蚀挂片及电化学测量试验 ,研究了B级碳素船体钢三种常见焊接接头的耐海水腐蚀性能。结果表明 :在海水中 ,接头的焊缝区最易受到腐蚀 ,其次为母材 ,热影响区腐蚀最轻 ;几种接头相比 ,B级碳素船体钢与J4 2 2焊条匹配后焊接接头的综合耐蚀性高于其与J50 7和H0 8MnSi2A两种焊接材料匹配后接头的耐蚀性。     

嘉兴港煤炭海河联运构筑低碳经济发展分析

文中通过分析嘉兴港货物吞吐情况,煤炭中转现状,对比陆路运输与内河水运的二氧化碳排放量,论证节能降耗,深化海河联运方式,发展低碳经济的可行性,并根据可行性研究给出深化海河联运的相关建议。     

同步环用碳纤维复合材料的摩擦学特性评价及研究

根据我国制定的同步环摩擦材料的试验室评价方法和规范,对3种同步环用碳纤维复合材料进行了摩擦学特性研究。结果表明,碳纤维复合材料具有优良的摩擦学特性,其性能与碳纤维形态特性、材料孔隙率及添加材料的性能密切相关,但其组成和织构的差异对摩擦学特性有较大影响,因此在设计和生产中必须进行摩擦学特性评价试验。