Examining Local Coastal Zone Management Capacity in U.S. Pacific Coastal Counties

The coastal zone has critical natural, commercial, recreational, ecological, industrial, and esthetic values for current and future generations. Thus, there are increasing pressures from population growth and coastal land development. Local coastal land use planning plays an important role in implementing the U.S. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) by establishing goals and performance policies for addressing critical coastal issues. This study extends the CZMA Performance Measurement System from the national level to the local land use level by measuring coastal zone land use plan quality and political context in fifty-three Pacific coastal counties. Plan quality is measured using an evaluation protocol defined by five components and sixty-eight indicators. The results indicate a reasonable correspondence between national goals and local coastal zone land use planning goals, but a slight gap might exist between the national/state versus local levels in the overall effectiveness of coastal zone management (CZM) efforts. The results show many U.S. Pacific coastal counties lack strong coastal zone land use plans because the average plan quality score was only 22.7 out of 50 points. Although these plans set relatively clear goals and objectives, they are somewhat weaker in their factual basis, identify a limited range of the available planning tools and techniques, and establish few coordination and implementation mechanisms. The regression analysis results indicate that CZM plan quality was not significantly related to any of the jurisdictional characteristics.     

基于马尔可夫决策过程的火力目标匹配模型研究

通过分析了马尔可夫决策过程应用于火力目标匹配的可行性,建立了基于马尔可夫决策过程的火力目标匹配模型,并通过具体例子进行计算、分析和评估,证明了该决策过程的科学性和可行性。     

沿海地区路基施工

以沿海公路地基施工为背景,对地基在荷载作用下的稳定性及沉降变形进行了分析研究,对不同基础类型的软弱土,采取了多种类型的处理措施。通过工后沉降观测,达到了预期的效果。针对施工的合同段,对软基处理的施工方法和技术控制要点进行了详细阐述,以期能为沿海公路路基施工提供参考。     

Applying a Mediated Negotiation Framework to Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Conflict is intrinsic to coastal zone management, yet relatively few peer-reviewed studies have examined how coastal managers might apply conflict resolution processes in the coastal zone management (CZM) context. The authors believe that many of these disputes can be addressed by using a structured mediation model that involves face-to-face negotiation with a broad range of stakeholders to build consensus-based agreements for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). To explore this further, the article examines four questions. First, it examines how CZM literature characterizes conflict and conflict resolution. Second, it looks at how essential principles from the field of alternative dispute resolution and environmental mediation can be best employed in the ICZM context. In particular, it explores the various elements of a stepwise agreement building model, a mediated negotiation process model the authors use in practice that bases its success on a foundation of four principles: representation, participation, legitimacy, and accountability. Next, it details three essential tools used in this process, stakeholder analysis, joint factfinding, and single-text negotiation, that the authors believe to be promising for developing and adopting stable, well-informed, and implementable agreements for ICZM. Finally, the article examines how these structuring principles and process strategies have been used in two recent case studies regarding the management of the San Francisco estuary and its tributaries.     

Fatigue damage in the side shells of ships

More than 40% of the registered fatigue cracks in ship structures are observed to occur in the side shell, more specifically in the connections of longitudinals to transverse web frames. The fatigue damage is caused partly by vertical and horizontal wave-induced hull bending and partly by outside water pressure on the side shell. Due to the non-linear nature of the outside water pressure the fatigue damage of the combined stress cannot be solved via a traditional frequency domain analysis. This paper solves the combination problem by application of a realistic wave model. The proposed model is used to analyze a segregated ballast tanker, and the results are compared to previously registered fatigue cracks. The analysis shows that it is very important to include the water pressure in the fatigue analysis, as this accounts for the majority of the expected fatigue damage. The analysis is performed for both I-shaped and L-shaped stiffeners.     

内河航道整治工程科技进步的回顾和展望

概述了中国五十年来水运工程建设中,内河航道整治工程及其相应的航道整治工程科学技术进步发展的3个历程,阐明了各个发展历程中科学技术进步的内容、特点及水平,根据内河航道建设规划布局,提出了今后有待深入研究的主要科学技术问题。     

集值渐近准非扩张映象多步迭代的收敛性

在严格凸Banach空间中，用集值映象点值化方法，证明了集值渐近准非扩张映象带误差的三步迭代列收敛于耦合不动点的充要条件．     

浅谈沿海地区桥梁的耐久性设计

阐述了沿海地区桥梁混凝土结构混凝土结构耐久性问题及提高耐久性设计原则,从设计基本要求、混凝土保护层、防止和控制裂缝、加强桥面防水设计等方面对提高沿海地区桥梁结构耐久性措施进行了介绍。     

Seasonal upwelling underneath the Tsushima Warm Current along the Japanese shelf slope

Seasonal upwelling variations are examined in the eastward coastal boundary branches of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). The climatological pattern and the fundamental hydrographic structure of the seasonal appearance of cold water are revealed by analyzing the temperature profile data around the Japanese shelf area. Seasonal maps of temperature at the intermediate layer around 200 m depth show the rise of the main pycnocline along the Japanese coast due to seasonal subsurface cooling from May to September. The cold water areas appear around the strong curvature in the continental shelf break. These areas are confined to the south of the TWC thermal front, i.e., to the coastal boundary region. The seasonal appearance of the localized cooling areas implies that the seasonal upwelling is induced by horizontal variations in shelf topography and the intensifying TWC from May to September.     

Optimal interpolation of sea surface temperature for the North Sea and Baltic Sea

Sea surface temperature fields of the North Sea and Baltic Sea have been constructed for the year 2001 using a multiplatform Optimal Interpolation scheme. The analyzed fields are constructed every 12 h on a 10 km spatial grid. The product is based upon observations from the three NOAA satellites 12, 14 and 16 together with a large amount of in situ observations. Space dependent covariance functions are estimated from the satellite observations and account for spatial and temporal lags. Several independent methods have been used to assess the error on the sea surface temperature product. Compared against independent in situ observations, the mean RMS difference for the year 2001 is 0.78 °C. The spatial distribution of the errors reveals that the Baltic Sea in general show higher errors than the North Sea. The error statistics throughout the year show a temporal variation of the errors with maximum during summer and winter. Tests with a varying number of satellite observations show that the accuracy of the satellite observations is the most important parameter in terms of reducing the errors on the interpolated sea surface temperature product.