植物特性对复式河槽流速分布影响的实验研究

通过水槽试验,探讨了不同滩地植被密度、植被高度对复式河槽流速分布的影响。试验时,借助声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)观测不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,选竹签模拟乔木。试验结果表明,在滩地无植被情况下,流速分布满足对数分布;滩地种树后,主槽流速明显增大,滩地流速减小,流速呈S型分布,不同植物密度,S型的分布是不同的。这种S型分布将水流划分为3个区的复杂行为,S型分布的形状与水深、垂线位置和植物特性(植被高度,植被密度)有关。植被密度对流速分布的影响非常明显。     

浅谈滨海公路排水设计

以辽宁滨海公路盘锦路段为例,针对滨海公路沿线存在养殖区等复杂情况,阐述了滨海公路排水方法。     

草类根系对坡面土强度及崩解特性的影响试验

坡面植被的固土防冲刷失稳作用往往取决于草类根系对坡面土强度和抗崩解特性的提高幅度。为研究草类根系对提高坡面土强度和抗崩解特性的影响规律,首先通过植草种植试验和观察,研究草类根系生长及竖向深度含根量分布规律,然后采用直剪试验得到不同根系含量或不同生长深度与根-土复合体强度的关系,并对添加不同含量根系的根-土复合体进行强度试验,比较种植活根系和添加死根系根-土复合体不同的强度特性。对路堑坡面植草根系原状土样和添加根系重塑配制土样进行崩解试验,比较分析坡面土壤的结构性、根系含量对植草坡面土体崩解特性的影响。结果表明：草类根系的纵横穿插与缠绕根网加筋作用使草类根系能显著增强根-土复合体的强度,种植根系的毛细根系及生物活性使其对土体强度提高的加筋效应远优于添加根系,其提高幅度与根含量呈线性增加关系;由于草类根系的缠绕包裹作用提高了土的强度,且草类根系在土体孔隙中的穿插能减少雨水入渗时的孔隙气压及封闭气体,从而使草类根系能显著提高根-土复合体的抗崩解特性;路堑边坡土体的结构性以及主根系衍生出大量毛细根系的存在,使添加根系重塑配制土的抗崩解能力远小于路堑边坡种植根系原状土;根土样在配制土中采用稻秸秆代替草类根系,在同样添加比例的情况下具有更高的抗崩解能力及加筋强度。     

荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块植被表层土壤颗粒的空间异质性

以河西走廊荒漠-绿洲过渡带为研究区域,采用土壤分析筛和地统计学的方法,对研究区典型样地斑块植被表层土壤颗粒的组成特征及其空同异质性进行了研究,结果表明：1）不同粒径范围的土壤颗粒质量含量不同,其中细砂（0.25～0.075 rmm）占总土粒质量的75.135 9％,中砂（0.5～0.25 rmm）占13.273 0％,而粗砂（d＞0.5mm）和粉砂（d＜0.075 mm）的含量相对较少,分别只占5.189 5％和6.401 6：2）不同粒径范围的土壤颗粒空间异质性不同,其中粒径1mm≥d＞0.1 mm的土壤颗粒空间异质性的99.6％～88.8％是由空间自相关因素引起的,随机因素起的作用较小,其它粒径范围的土壤颗粒空间异质性的95.1％～100％是由随机因素引起的,而空间自相关因素的作用很小;3）粒径1mm≥d＞0.1 mm的土壤颗粒含量的最优拟合理论模型为曲线模型,空间异质性尺度在24～36.3 m之间,其它粒径范围的土壤颗粒含量的最优拟合模型为线状模型或块金模型,空同异质性尺度较大,均为146.36m.研究结果为进一步探讨荒漠-绿洲过渡带土壤空同异质性与植被空同格局的关系提供依据.     

An Analysis of the Impact of the Internet on Coastal Management

The role of the Internet in coastal management practice is analyzed through the Internet's communication and information access capacity. Primary and secondary impacts of the Internet in coastal management are assessed. A broad research framework is employed, including background on the development and spread of the Internet worldwide; analysis of emerging literature on the societal impact of the Internet; limited existing research on the use of the Internet by environmental management professionals generally and coastal managers in particular; and personal experience of the authors in the development of coastal management Internet sites. This analytical framework is supplemented by the first survey of integrated coastal management (ICM) Internet websites by www.coastalmanagement.com and a case study of the Internet Center for Coastal Management (ICCM) Internet-based communication platform based at the University of Washington. The survey of ICM websites found a total of 77 websites worldwide, with a dominance of sites in English located in the developed world. Assessment of the first year of operation of the ICCM project to facilitate discussion between coastal management practitioners and students in the United States and the Philippines demonstrates the enormous potential of the Internet as a communications tool in coastal management and also reveals the many practical technological and cultural constraints of using the Internet, especially in working on a project between the developed and developing world. Three groups of scenarios of the future use of the Internet in coastal management with decreasing levels of forecast certainty, namely, "probable," and "possible," and "potential for" are presented and discussed. Finally, the potential for the Internet to fundamentally transform the practice of coastal management is analyzed. It is concluded that while such a potential exists, there remain significant research questions requiring further analysis before the full transformative potential, and the possible impacts of such a transformation on coastal management, can be fully assessed. This article aims to provide a benchmark against which such future assessments can be made.     

Collaborative Management of Natural Resources in San Diego Bay

This article presents the results of a three-year effort at applying information technology to the problem of collaborative natural resource management in San Diego Bay. As such, it represents an approach to integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). This effort resulted from a collaboration between the San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California, San Diego and the San Diego Bay Interagency Water Quality Panel for the purpose of (1) developing an environmental data repository to facilitate the acquisition and sharing of data and (2) the development of a visual model of the bay in support of the development of a comprehensive, coordinated management plan for San Diego Bay. It was determined from this study that information technology is an important and key component to ICZM but that sociopolitical factors may override the benefits of decision-support systems and should be considered at the outset of any project of this kind.     

Attitudes toward Participation in Cooperative Coastal Management: Four European Case Studies

Findings are reported of the VALCOAST project that had as one of its research objectives to ascertain: (a) stakeholder willingness to participate and cooperate in coastal management (CM), given local and national CM practices; and (b) stakeholder assessment of the "accessibility" and "friendliness" of current CM processes. The project involved case studies and stakeholder interviews in Belgium, Greece, Spain, and the UK. Major findings include: (1) most stakeholders are willing to cooperate in three out of the four case areas, but not to the same extent; (2) the participating "officials" in the case studies are expecting the stakeholders to be less willing to cooperate than the latter indicate; (3) stakeholders in all case studies do not expect to be heard by those responsible for CM, find it difficult to learn about the relevant institutional arrangements, and consider the communication of the objectives and anticipated impacts of CM policies to be inadequate. It is concluded that the strong evidence of stakeholders' potential willingness to cooperate in local initiatives is very encouraging for a devolved, regional approach to European Union coastal management policies, provided that this potential is capitalized upon in such policy processes.     

公路边坡生态防护方法的选择与使用

介绍近年在高速公路建设中常用的几种植被护坡类型,分析其适用条件及优缺点,提出植被护坡在高速公路建设中的一般设计方法,供路基边坡防护设计参考。     

青藏公路多年冻土路段边坡植被种植试验研究

针对青藏公路多年冻土路段高、寒、旱、风,植物生长期短,植被种植难度大的特点,在青藏公路开心岭路段的边坡,采用垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦(E.sibiricus)等植物混播,采用普通喷播及客土喷播工艺,开展了植被种植试验.结果表明,由于添加了当地的表土,客土喷播工艺能够在该地区公路边坡快速建立比较优良的植被.喷播当年,植被覆盖率可达27.3%,地上生物量(鲜重)和地下生物量(干重)分别达到76.3 g·m-2和72.2g·m-2;第5年,边坡植被覆盖率约为10.0%,地上生物量(鲜重)和地下生物量(干重)分别达到189.3 g·m-2和721.5 g·m-2.客土喷播工艺的植被建植效果明显优于普通喷播工艺.对于普通喷播,增加保水刺和凝结剂的用量,可提高植被建植效果.而添加纤维则作用不明显.     

客土喷播技术在泌桐高速公路的应用

随着我国高速公路的发展,高速公路边坡防护的形式已由以往惯用的圬工防护向植被防护等生态防护形式发展。边坡植被防护不仅能消除和缓解高速公路对客观环境造成的不良影响,减小区域性水土流失,而且实现公路与自然景观的可持续协调发展。针对泌桐高速公路上实施的植被防护技术之一的客土喷播技术,从原理、机械设备、材料、施工工艺等方面做了详尽的介绍。根据对泌桐高速公路沿线的自然环境概况（包括气候、土壤、植被、工程情况）的研究,提出了新型的客土喷播技术的适用条件、植物种类选择及配比方案、施工工艺等,并从设计、施工角度提出了改进意见。