岩溶山区隧道地下水漏失对植物生长的影响分析及对策

为研究隧道建设引起的地下水漏失对周围生态环境的影响,依托穿越中梁山山脉通向重庆市区西部的3条重叠相交岩溶隧道（襄渝铁路中梁山隧道、渝遂高速公路大学城隧道和成渝客专铁路歌乐山隧道）的地下水漏失情况,对其影响区内的生态环境及植被生长进行长期监测与综合分析,利用树轮宽度均值探讨地下水漏失对隧址区优势植物（马尾松、杉木）的生长影响,提出基于生态环境保护的隧道地下水“以堵为主、限量排放”的建设思路。研究结果表明: “以排为主”的襄渝铁路中梁山隧道,造成马尾松生物量明显降低（衰退幅度达71.4%）,而“以堵为主、限量排放”的其他2条隧道对马尾松的影响则相对小; 3条隧道的建设对杉木的生长都产生了不利影响,影响范围在隧道轴线两侧1 km左右; 基于马尾松出现生长恢复的时期（1992-1997年）,建议将此阶段的最低地下水位作为隧址区地下水生态平衡埋深下限值,进而确定中梁山地区隧道的“以堵为主、限量排放”中限量排放的生态地下水位值,为岩溶山区隧道限量排放的地下水位控制提供参考。     

石家庄秀山滑石矿地质环境恢复治理研究

结合石家庄打造山水城市的整体规划,应用预应力锚索、锚杆、SNS主动防护网等工程技术措施消除地质灾害及隐患,并应用TBS植被护坡等生态技术,针对秀山滑石矿的岩质边坡建立一种结构稳定、功能完善的土壤生态系统,恢复生态环境和植物群落多样性,以使满目疮痍的秀山成为“生态型、园林式、现代化”的新型“绿色矿山”,实现修自然如自然的生态环境治理效果。     

高速公路绿化设计中的生态理念

在高速公路迅猛发展的过程中,出现了许多生态问题。面对这些问题,未来的高速公路绿化设计中,将强调公路绿化的生态作用,重视对乡土植物、原生植被的保护,并使公路对环境的影响最小化。     

沿海高速路基路面优化设计研究

沿海高速河北段工程地质、水文特性比较特殊,在路基高度、路基填料、路基断面等方面均有必要进行设计优化,可使设计方案更经济合理、技术可行、安全环保。     

Providing Public Access to the Shore: The Role of Coastal Zone Management Programs

In many coastal states and territories, coastal zone management (CZM) programs have been the prime catalyst in leveraging public access initiatives among state and federal agencies, public organizations, and the private sector. A wide range of tools are used, including acquisition, regulations, technical assistance, and public education. The diversity of approaches is illustrated through a variety of case examples. Although hard numbers for measuring outcomes were not uniformly available, between 1985 and 1988, when federal and state CZM funding dedicated to public access was tracked, $141.5 million (unadjusted 1988 dollars) were spent on 455 public access-related projects. A policy shift occurred in the 1990s away from reliance on acquisition and regulation as the most effective means of providing access and toward technical assistance and public outreach-a response to the overall decrease in funds available for access. CZM programs have been able to balance the contradictory goals of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (CZMA), such as protecting coastal resources while providing for increased public access to those resources. It is recommended that CZM programs conduct assessments to determine the kind of access needed in the future and where it should be located. And, due to the creativity and innovation that states and territory coastal programs use to achieve access, it is recommended that a national clearinghouse be established for documenting and sharing information on innovative tools and programs.     

隧道排水诱发地下水位下降对地表植被影响的TSPAC分析方法

山岭隧道建设可能会改变周边地下水渗流场，严重时会疏干地下水，威胁地表植被生存。针对现有研究难以定量分析隧道排水对地表植被影响的问题，提出以土壤水基质势作为植被生存状态指标，建立隧道-土壤-植被-大气连续体（tunnel-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, TSPAC）分析模型。通过Richards方程描述植被根系区的土壤水分运移，将大气、地下水渗流模型作为上下边界输入方程，计算植被根系区基质势分布，据此衡量植被凋萎过程并判断其生存状态。将该分析方法应用于大别山区明堂山隧道工程，分析隧道建设对地表植被的影响，结果表明： 1）植被根系区土壤水基质势对地下水位和大气变化的响应存在滞后性和非均匀性，植被凋萎是渐进、动态的过程； 2）大气条件在该区域对植被生存起控制性作用； 3）隧道建设引起的地下水位变化对周边地表植被影响较小，且对不同植被类型影响程度不一。TSPAC分析方法的创新性在于： 提出了物理概念明确、易于工程使用的植被生态危险状态判断指标与依据，在SPAC分析模型基础上引入隧道地下水渗流模型，将隧道排水的工程因素与环境因素相结合，分析隧道排水—地下水位下降—地表植被影响的整体过程，并在实际工程中进行应用，可为隧道建设的环境保护提供一种新思路。     

Factors Influencing the Participation of Local Governmental Officials in the National Estuary Program

Participation by local governmental officials is not given the same attention in the literature as that of citizens, publics, technical experts, or stakeholders. Yet, local governments are often a keystone to successfully implementing and enforcing coastal management policies. Qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews with local government officials from three national estuary program applications in New England revealed factors related to nine themes that shaped decisions to participate or not. Three categories of factors help to clarify the different types of influence agencies have over local government officials' decisions about whether or not to participate: factors associated with the character of individuals, with the context, and with the process. This taxonomy helps to clarify the kinds of opportunities available to project leadership to influence local government officials toward participating in regional coastal management processes. An important finding is that project staff should listen and learn about the concerns of local government officials and then create a process that accommodates and overcomes barriers to their participation.     

The Role of Universities in Supporting Integrated Coastal Management in the United Kingdom

Integrated coastal management has been seen as the way to deal with the challenges currently facing managers of our coastal zones. In the tropics, these areas are typified with resources such as coral reefs and mangroves that are able to support a variety of activities. Integrated coastal management takes a multi-disciplinary approach that involves the integration of the different institutions and stakeholder groups in the coastal zone. A survey of tropical coastal locations revealed that fully implemented integrated coastal management is limited with programs apparently failing at the implementation stage. These coastal zones share a number of common challenges exacerbated by poverty and conflicts between the coastal activities. Conflict management needs to be incorporated into the management process that pays particular attention to the overextraction of resources and destructive resource use.     

Competing Visions for Marine Tenure and Co-Management: Genesis of a Marine Management Area System in Chile

Chile has been attempting to establish a Management Area (MA) system that melds the use of marine protected areas with marine tenure. The process has brought to the fore the competing interests of various user groups: artisanal fishermen, marine science professionals, government managers, tourist developers, and the Navy. We explore the core relationships among fishermen and the ecologists and biologists whose work is essential for establishing and maintaining a MA. The MA system's creation and implementation raise the key question of whether a marine tenure system can work under the conditions imposed by the Chilean government. There is a need to recognize and reconcile contradictions in a government management model that strives simultaneously to be a conservation zone and a financially profitable co-management zone. This article examines the MA management system's fault lines in the context of Chile's political economy, and the intimate interaction of management with fishermen's cultural survival strategies.