The Potential of a Legislative Approach to Managing Beach Use: The Case of Beach Bylaws in the Republic of Ireland

This article examines the use of inland mined sand and offshore dredged sand for beach nourishment projects in North Carolina, focusing on the question of whether inland mined sand is economically preferential for hot‐spot erosion control. Excavation, processing, and transport costs are presented, and cost efficiencies of hypothetical beach nourishment projects are compared. Cost analyses indicate that inland mined sand is economical for small projects (10,000–50,000 cubic yards), given that a clean sand source can be located within 15 miles of the nourishment site. The two factors primarily influencing per cubic yard costs of inland sand are overland transportation expenses and processing costs. The use of dredged offshore sand is less expensive for large projects (> 100,000 cubic yards) due to the economies of scale affecting dredge mobilization. Large beach nourishment projects in North Carolina will most likely continue to utilize offshore dredged sand.     

滨海公路软土路基变形机理及其沉降预测研究

针对滨海公路软土路基的工程地质特征,以深圳市滨海大道试验研究为依托,探讨了该类地区软土路基变形机理及其沉降发展规律,并通过对各种沉降预测模型的对比分析,结合5种常用的成长模型,提出了滨海公路软土路基变权重组合S型成长模型。最后,以该模型对依托工程进行了沉降预测,结果表明该模型预测效果较好,适用于该类地区路基工后沉降量预测,对实际工程具有一定的实用价值。     

靖安高速路路堑高边坡人工恢复植被的尝试

在靖安高速公路路堑高边坡防护施工中,采取人工恢复植被的方法,通过试验,已取得初步经验和明显的经济和社会效益。     

港口导堤植被消波的试验研究

针对天津中心渔港东导堤工程,通过几何比尺为1∶10的断面物理模型试验,研究了植株布置方式、种植排数和淹没水深对护岸植被消波效果的影响。研究表明:1)护岸植被对波浪有一定的消减作用,可减小波浪对护面结构的直接冲击,并降低越浪量,但是植被的消波效果只对一定范围内的波浪有效。2)就植被的消波效果而言,矩形布置方案略好于梅花形布置方案;树木种植排数越多消波作用越大;半淹没时的消波效果略好于全淹没状态。3)结合天津中心渔港东导堤护岸结构,肩台种植树木7排时,植被消波效果最好,其中波高最大消减32.9%,越浪量最大消减87.8%。     

荆江河段不同植被生态护坡的水流试验及应用

通过现场勘查、跟踪,分析了荆江河段河漫滩植物群落及植物种类分布,结合实际调查情况选取试验模型植物,开展不同植被对水流结构的影响水槽试验研究。结果表明,植被的存在对岸坡附近水流流速影响明显,增加了水流的阻力,对减轻水流冲刷有较好的防护作用,不同植被高度、不同种植密度对植被根部冲刷具有不同的影响。最后选取周天河段张家榨护岸工程段进行了不同植被生态护坡现场试验,生态效果明显。     

On the morphological long-term development of dumped material in a low-energetic environment close to the German Baltic coast

The development of the bed bathymetry of an experimental dumping area was followed over three-and-a-half years by means of multibeam echosounder techniques. Two types of material were discharged in the bight of Mecklenburg in the Baltic Sea in approximately 20 m of water depth. One set of the discharges was 2900 m³ of glacial till and the other set was a 2400 m³ mixture of glacial till, sand and minor amounts of cohesive matter. Only approximately 2500 m³ (86%) of the glacial till and 1500 m³ (63%) of the mixed soil materials were deposited on the seabed. This means that already during the dumping process a considerable part of the sediment material drifted away. The glacial till formed crater-like rings of 30 m diameter with peaks up to 1.4 m above seabed, whereas the spatial structure of the mixed soil material was somewhat more diffuse, but with similar magnitudes in the peaks and troughs.The morphological changes were small and their quantification required a high measuring precision in the order of few cm in the vertical. The dominant processes of surface deformation was flattening of peaks and filling of troughs. The speed of this process decreased with horizontal scale: structures of less than 4 m horizontal extension had a trend to disappear within less than five years, whereas structures of larger than 8 m extension showed little change and are estimated to remain detectable for many decades. In contrast to the reworking of the matter inside the dumping structures, no net transport of material out of the dumping area could be detected. Extrapolating the observed morphological changes into the future it is estimated that without significant decrease in internal shear strength of the disposed till the structures will persist for at least 70 years. This can be attributed to the high internal stability of the dumped glacial till and the low hydrodynamic forces present at the seabed in this region.     

植物根系加筋土剪切试验研究综述

植被护坡作为一种有效兼顾生态环境保护及边坡治理的护坡技术,在工程实践中得到了广泛的推广和应用。然而植被护坡技术的研究成果却滞后于工程应用。文章结合国内外对于植物根系加筋土剪切试验的成果,根据试验土样及方法的不同,将植物根系加筋土试验分为原状根系加筋土直接剪切试验、原状根系加筋土三轴剪切试验、重塑根系加筋土三轴剪切试验以及重塑加筋土直接剪切试验等四类,分别介绍了上述试验的试验方法、试验工况,并总结分析了根系对于土体抗剪强度的增强作用、根系加筋土强度在各工况组合下的变化规律,指出了存在的问题及后续开展研究的方向,以期为后续植物根系加筋土剪切试验的开展提供一定的参考。     

Long-term sea surface temperature baselines—time series, spatial covariation and implications for biological processes

Coastal areas such as estuaries, bays and fjords usually have hydrographic characteristics (e.g., temperature, salinity) which differ from those at larger spatial scales and in offshore areas. The differences can arise if the areas are subject to different climatic forcing or if they are relatively isolated from each other due to topographic and ocean circulation features which inhibit advective inputs of water mass properties. Local differences in hydrographic conditions can therefore potentially limit the applicability of existing long time series of coastally monitored temperatures for addressing questions at large spatial scales, such as the response of species distributions and phenologies to climate change. In this study we investigate the spatial synchrony of long-term sea surface temperatures in the North Sea–Baltic Sea region as measured daily at four coastal sites (Marsdiep, Netherlands; Torungen, Norway; Skagens Reef, Denmark; and Christiansø, Denmark) and in several large offshore areas. All time series, including two series reconstructed and intercalibrated for this study (Skagens Reef and Christiansø, Denmark), began during 1861–1880 and continue until at least 2001. Temperatures at coastal sites co-varied strongly with each other and with opportunistically measured offshore temperatures despite separation distances between measuring locations of 20–1200 km. This covariance is probably due to the influence of large-scale atmospheric processes on regional temperatures and is consistent with the known correlation radius of atmospheric fluctuations (ca. 1000 km). Differences (e. g, long-term trends, amplitude of seasonal variations) between coastal temperatures and those measured in adjacent offshore areas varied nonrandomly over time and were often significantly autocorrelated up to 2 years. These differences suggest that spatial variations in physical oceanographic phenomena and sampling heterogeneities associated with opportunistic sampling could affect perceptions of biological responses to temperature fluctuations. The documentation that the coastally measured temperatures co-vary with those measured opportunistically in offshore areas suggests that the coastal data, which have been measured daily using standardized methods and instruments, contain much of the variability seen at larger spatial scales. We conclude that both types of time series can facilitate assessments of how species and ecosystems have responded to past temperature changes and how they may react to future temperature changes.     

西宁至马场垣高速公路路域植被的演替与管护

研究西宁至马场垣高速公路植被建植的过程中,植物的演替规律和采取的管护措施。根据西宁地区的气候、地貌和土壤条件,针对植被养护当中存在的问题如养护成本高,群落结构不尽合理,盐碱比较重的问题,通过观察和试验,运用生态学原理对取得的数据进行分析,探讨本地区公路路域内植物的演替方向和目前养护措施存在的问题。根据已掌握的本地区植物群落演替规律,并考虑本地区高速公路对植被的特殊要求,提出针对性的建议和意见。研究结果表明:在公路路域内一个相对稳定的植物群落,应该是一个以耐旱灌木为主草本植物为辅的演替中间群。养护的重点是充分发挥自然的调节能力,减少人为干扰,培养相对稳定的植物群落,降低养护的成本。     

高等级公路植被护坡现状与展望

植被护坡是近年来国际上越来越流行的一种边坡治理方法。阐述了植被护坡的发展历史和现状,根据公路边坡立地条件及特有的小气候,提出了目前主要的植被护坡形式、绿化材料选择的依据及一般原则,总结出植被护坡存在的问题和植被护坡未来的发展方向。