Catalyzing Coastal Management in Kenya and Zanzibar: Building Capacity and Commitment

Site-based projects were initiated in Chawka Bay-Paje, Zanzibar, and Nyali-Bamburi-Shanzu, Kenya, to demonstrate the benefits of an integrated coastal management (ICM) approach for addressing coastal issues such as tourism development and enhancement of resource-dependent village economies in eastern Africa. A two-year, multidonor project used three primary strategies to make rapid, but sustainable, progress toward ICM. These included using interagency government teams for ICM planning, adopting an internationally recognized framework for ICM as a project ''road map,'' and explicitly incorporating capacity-building strategies into all aspects of the project. Within two years, integrated ICM action strategies, prepared through participatory processes, were being implemented at both sites, and both teams were working to expand the scale and scope of ICM in their nation. More importantly, the project helped create committed, capable, interagency groups that continue to work together to address urgent ICM issues.     

Co-management of Tropical Coastal Zones: The Case of the Soufriere Marine Management Area,St. Lucia,WI

Centralized, top-down fisheries management models based on biological stock-recruitment have, at best, achieved limited success when adapted to Third World fisheries. Comanagement, a resource management approach oriented towards resource users and their communities, has been proposed as an alternative strategy for managing Third World fisheries. We examine the initial success and subsequent problems of one such collaborative coastal zone management project on St. Lucia's leeward coast. Factors that must be considered in the development, implementation, and maintenance of coastal comanagement systems operating in the contexts of tropical marine ecosystems in developing nations are identified and discussed.     

Extant Legal and Jurisdictional Constraints on Irish Coastal Management

The success of any coastal zone management policy is dependent on, among other things, effective legislation and its enforcement. This article examines some possible legal constraints on the implementation of an integrated coastal zone management policy in Ireland. An introduction to the existing legal framework is provided, and the inconsistencies and ambiguities related, in particular, to jurisdiction and area of responsibility are highlighted. In particular the effect of land ownership and property rights on coastal zone management are examined with reference to two popular resort beaches in County Donegal, Ireland. While a revision of the relevant legislation is desirable, it is probably unrealistic; however, powers are available to the various institutions involved in coastal management that are currently unused. These are reviewed and their potential to improve coastal zone management is discussed.     

Governing Coastal Spaces: The Case of Disappearing Science in Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Scientific knowledge is central to “good” governance of coastal spaces: developing methods through which the complexities of the coastal zone can be understood by stakeholders to improve the sustainable management of coastal systems. Enhancing our knowledge of the range of processes that shape coastal spaces and define the total behavioural environment of the system remains a primary challenge for the coastal research community. However, this article raises the argument that current approaches to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)—the preferred governing framework for the coastal environment, do not give sufficient emphasis to this fundamental need. Improving the basic scientific knowledge that underpins policymaking at the coast is argued to be urgently needed. Issues such as that of developing a communality of the purpose and approach between stakeholders within the coastal zone (through conflict resolution and access to information, for example) seem to claim the rights of the integrated management research agenda. However, the very nature of ICZM as “worthwhile coastal management” requires that integrated management represents more than a governing framework. Successful integration in coastal management must also be underpinned by knowledge of the integrated behavior of the system. Science has an increasingly marginalized position within ICZM and as a result geographers, contributing knowledge of the patterns and processes of the human and environmental landscapes, are also becoming a disappearing breed in integrated coastal management.     

Marine and coastal protected areas in Latin America: A preliminary assessment

Abstract

One approach to the management of coastal and marine areas is the establishment of protected areas (e.g., reserves, parks, sanctuaries). Under the general rubric of “marine reserves,”; this paper examines the Latin American experience with this strategy. A comprehensive table lists most, if not all, national or state declared parks or reserves. The table is organized by country. All Latin American nations have, to a varying extent, declared marine parks and protected areas. The authors review the sources or uses which have been “managed”; by marine reserves, the management approaches, uses, and problem which have been identified in achieving management objectives. The authors conclude with observations about the potential future utility of marine reserves as a management approach for areas and resources of the coastal and littoral zones of Latin America.     

滩地植被化复式河槽的水流阻力特性试验

利用室内变坡水槽试验研究了复式河槽中滩地植被对水流阻力的影响,采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)观测了不同垂线、不同测点的垂线流速分布,分别讨论了水深、植被密度、淹没与非淹没植被对滩地阻力系数的影响.分析发现:滩地种有植被后,复式河槽的水流流速不再满足对数分布,在垂向可以认为是一个常数,且其值随植被密度的增加而减小;阻力系数在滩地无植被时受水深的影响很小,在有植被的工况中,阻力系数会随水深的增加而显著增大,其值与植被密度满足线性关系;滩地植被淹没后,虽然滩地阻力系数也随水深的增加而增大,但其增幅较非淹没植被工况中要小.     

水泥对滨海地区盐渍土路用性能的影响

从滨海地区盐渍土的工程应用角度出发,利用水泥对其进行改良试验研究,在明确水泥改良盐渍土强度形成机理的基础上,分析了滨海地区盐渍土的抗剪强度、抗压强度、水敏感性、融陷、膨胀特性随改良剂用量、龄期的变化规律。试验结果表明:滨海地区盐渍土经水泥改良处理后,其抗剪、抗压强度和水敏感性明显改善,融陷及膨胀现象得到有效控制,可以用作高等级公路路基填料。     

新型浮式植物体消浪试验

针对一种浮式植物消浪装置的消浪效果展开试验研究,在植物高度大于波高的前提下,分析其在规则波作用下消浪效果的影响因素,通过大量水槽试验给出了植物消浪装置透射系数及反射系数与植物密度、植物带相对宽度、波陡之间的关系。研究结果表明,该浮式植物消浪装置具有良好的消浪效果,在植物带高度大于波高的前提下,植物带密度和相对宽度是影响消浪效果的最重要因素。     

CS高次团粒混合纤维法植被恢复技术的实证分析

随着＂畅通重庆＂工程的深入推进,全市交通基础设施投入不断加大,但是,因公路建设而造成的生态破坏问题也日益突显,如何采取有效措施,减少对公路沿线动植物的干扰,降低对生态环境的破坏,提供舒适安全的行车条件,越来越受到人们的重视和社会的关注。论文介绍了应用＂CS高次团粒混合纤维法植被恢复技术＂通过人工的方式诱导,采取＂植物＋工程＂一体化防护模式,使公路边坡治理达到了景观效果好、生态效果好、安全效果好、社会效果好的＂四好＂目标。     

金沙江干热河谷泥岩坡地植被恢复研究

坝周低山区是金沙江干热河谷生态环境最为脆弱的地带,而泥岩坡地植被恢复又是坝周低山丘陵区植被恢复的难点。在中科院元谋水土保持生态试验站进行了泥岩坡地的封禁植被恢复、半封禁植被恢复及人工植被恢复试验,并对比分析不同植被恢复方式对植物群落的影响。结果表明,封禁、半封禁和人工促进的植被恢复方法都能促进干热河谷区植被恢复与重建,植物群落的高度、盖度和生物量均有改善,而封禁恢复可能带来相对丰富的物种多样性。