海南省多机场体系协同发展建议

航空运输是进出海南省最重要的交通运输方式之一,对海南经济社会发展起着重要作用。为进一步加快海南自由贸易港建设,需要切实推进航空运输来往自由便利,这对海南多机场体系建设提出了更高要求。目前,海南省多机场体系正在快速成长阶段,但航空运输市场需求与基础设施供给不足的矛盾突出,机场功能定位和管理体制还有待理顺。本文梳理了海南省多机场体系发展特征,分析研究了协同发展面临的问题,最后提出相关发展建议。     

Market introduction strategies for alternative powertrains in long-range passenger cars under competition

Alternative powertrains are considered as a promising option to significantly reduce CO₂ emissions from passenger cars. One major prerequisite is their successful market introduction. In this paper, we present a system dynamics model that allows for the evaluation of strategies for the market introduction of alternative powertrain technologies in long-range passenger cars (⩾400 km) under competition. The model considers two competing manufacturers, one first-mover and one follower, each introducing plug-in hybrids and fuel cell electric vehicles according to exogenously defined strategies, which comprise timing, pricing, and technology parameters. The manufacturers can learn from each other due to technology spillover, leading to cost reductions of the powertrains. We use an exemplary dataset for the German car market to study the manufacturers’ influence on the market success of alternative powertrains as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that in general more competition leads to higher market shares of alternatively powered vehicles and thus allows for a higher reduction of emissions. However, this might cause decreasing profits for both manufacturers, especially if the follower pursues an aggressive pricing strategy when entering the market to gain market shares from its competitor. Also, technology spillover has a positive effect on the market penetration. This particularly holds true for a low level of technology experience where high cost reductions can be achieved and for fuel cell electric vehicles where the costs of the powertrain are much higher compared to plug-in hybrids.     

A framework for user- and system-oriented optimisation of fuel efficiency and traffic flow in Adaptive Cruise Control

Fully automated vehicles could have a significant share of the road network traffic in the near future. Several commercial vehicles with full-range Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems or semi-autonomous functionalities are already available on the market. Many research studies aim at leveraging the potential of automated driving in order to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles. However, in the vast majority of those, fuel efficiency is isolated to the driving dynamics between a single follower-leader pair, hence overlooking the complex nature of traffic. Consequently fuel efficiency and the efficient use of the roadway capacity are framed as conflicting objectives, leading to fuel-economy control models that adopt highly conservative driving styles.This formulation of the problem could be seen as a user-optimal approach, where in spite of delivering savings for individual vehicles, there is the side-effect of the deterioration of traffic flow. An important point that is overlooked is that the inefficient use of roadway capacity gives rise to congested traffic and traffic breakdowns, which in return increases energy costs within the system. The optimisation methods used in these studies entail high computational costs and, therefore, impose a strict constraint on the scope of problem.In this study, the use of car-following models and the limitation of the search space of optimal strategies to the parameter space of these is proposed. The proposed framework enables performing much more comprehensive optimisations and conducting more extensive tests on the collective impacts of fuel-economy driving strategies. The results show that, as conjectured, a “short-sighted” user-optimal approach is unable to deliver overall fuel efficiency. Conversely, a system-optimal formulation for fuel efficient driving is presented, and it is shown that the objectives of fuel efficiency and traffic flow are in fact not only non-conflicting, but also that they could be viewed as one when the global benefits to the network are considered.     

Analysis of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of regulated and alternative driving cycles based on real-world measurements

Discrepancies between real-world use of vehicles and certification cycles are a known issue. This paper presents an analysis of vehicle fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of the European certification cycle (NEDC) and the proposed worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) Class 3 cycle using data collected on-road. Sixteen light duty vehicles equipped with different propulsion technologies (spark-ignition engine, compression-ignition engine, parallel hybrid and full hybrid) were monitored using a portable emission measurement system under real-world driving conditions. The on-road data obtained, combined with the Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) methodology, was used to recreate the dynamic conditions of the NEDC and WLTP Class 3 cycle. Individual vehicle certification values of fuel consumption, CO₂, HC and NO_x emissions were compared with test cycle estimates based on road measurements. The fuel consumption calculated from on-road data is, on average, 23.9% and 16.3% higher than certification values for the recreated NEDC and WLTP Class 3 cycle, respectively. Estimated HC emissions are lower in gasoline and hybrid vehicles than certification values. Diesel vehicles present higher estimated NO_x emissions compared to current certification values (322% and 326% higher for NO_x and 244% and 247% higher for HC + NO_x for NEDC and WLTP Class 3 cycle, respectively).     

Have Emission Control Areas (ECAs) harmed port efficiency in Europe?

Ports in the European Union and North America have enforced environmental regulations on controlling SO_x and NOx emissions from ships in their coastal areas known as Emission Control Areas (ECAs). This study uses two-stage approaches to examine whether ECA regulations impact the efficiency of ports operating in such areas. First, port efficiencies are estimated using non-radial slacks-based measure (SBM) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models. The efficiency scores estimated by the SBM DEA models are then regressed on explanatory variables, including the ECA factor, and macroeconomic indicators using bootstrapped truncated regression (BTR) models. Panel data is collected on countries in EU ECAs and non-ECAs regarding such input variables as capital and labor, with cargo as an output variable. The results indicate that ECA regulations can harm port efficiency, reflecting concerns of policy-makers and industrial managers: the average efficiency loss from an ECA designation amounts to 0.058–0.066 on a scale of 0–1, accounting for a 15–18% loss from ECA ports’ average efficiency scores.     

基于灰色系统层次分析的高校学生组织发展最优决策分析研究

文章在分析了当前高校学生组织发展中存在问题的基础上,采用灰色系统层次分析法建立高校学生组织发展的模型,通过模型分析,可以准确遴选出优秀建党积极分子,给高校组织发展工作者以决策支持。     

中间站调车监控系统维护台的设计与实现

中间站调车监控系统采用以路局站段为中心的集中控制方式,通过中心设备控制所有车站和机车,不仅实现调车安全防护功能,而且在设备组成上减少了各车站的地面设备配置。为了满足用户对中心式集中控制系统的维护需求,维护台需要对各系统设备的运行状态进行实时监控,管理日志文件、软件版本号及配置文件MD5码,并以界面的形式直观呈现,以便辅助运营维护人员分析和解决问题。分析了中间站调车监控系统的系统结构、维护台功能以及维护台交互信息的设计与实现。     

铁路综合视频监控系统传输H.265编码适应性分析

结合H.265的技术特点和优势,从系统构架、技术规范、设备配置等方面,对铁路综合视频监控系统传输H.265编码进行适应性分析.     

船用柴油机混合能源系统配置优化

考虑新能源的间歇性以及船舶电力系统负载的突变性和波动性,本文首先根据船舶航行中经纬度和海上环境的变化对新能源的参数进行修正,然后构造同时计及成本与使用寿命的船用柴油机混合能源系统优化配置目标函数,再利用人工蜂群算法进行优化,从而获得最佳的系统配置。船舶航行实测试验验证该方法的可行性,同时表明了它比陆地上传统方法具有更好的优化配置性能。     

柴油机周期双层隔振系统振动特性

舰船对动力设备的隔振性能要求越来越高,基于柴油机双层隔振系统,利用周期结构对弹性波的带隙特性,将双层隔振系统的筏体设计成周期结构。在ANSYS中对双层隔振系统进行谐响应计算,通过对比分析,斜方柱周期筏体在200-1000Hz内具有更好的隔振效果,在410.5 Hz、807 Hz处出现带宽分别为15Hz、29.5Hz带隙。采用缩减周期数的斜方柱周期筏体建立双层隔振实验系统,验证了斜方柱周期结构的带隙特性。